Photography

PijushDutta

Historyofphotography
Thewordphotography,whichisderivedfromthe
Printingistheprocessofmanufacturing
Greekwordsforlightandwriting,wasfirstusedby
multiplecopiesofgraphicimages.
SirJohnHerschelin1839,theyeartheinventionof
thephotographicprocesswasmadepublic.During
Althoughmostpeoplethinkofrprintingas
thepreviousdecadesperhapsasmanyasten
inkonpapeer,printingisnotlimitedtoany
individualshadtriedtomakeaphotograph.Atleast
particularmaterialsorinks.
fourweresuccessful:JosephNicephoreNIEPCE,
LouisJ.M.DAGUERRE,andHippolyteBAYARD
inFrance,andWilliamHenryTALBOTinEngland.

Historyofphotography
Thefirstofthesetechniqueswasoptical.Sincethe
Printingistheprocessofmanufacturing
16thcenturyartistsandscientistshadmadeuseof
multiplecopiesofgraphicimages.
thefactthatlightpassingthroughasmallholein
onewallofadarkroom,orCAMERAOBSCURA,
Althoughmostpeoplethinkofrprintingas
projectsaninvertedimageontheoppositewall.The
inkonpapeer,printingisnotlimitedtoany
holewassoonreplacedwithalens,whichmadethe
particularmaterialsorinks.
imagebrighterandsharper.Bythe18thcenturythe
roomhadbeenreplacedbyaportablebox,which
artistsusedasasketchingaid.

Historyofphotography
Thesecondtechniquewaschemical.In1727,
Printingistheprocessofmanufacturing
JohannHeinrichSchulzehaddiscoveredthat
multiplecopiesofgraphicimages.
certainchemicals,especiallysilverhalides,turn
Althoughmostpeoplethinkofrprintingas
darkwhenexposedtolight.Thefirstattemptto
usesuchchemicalstorecordtheimageofthe
inkonpapeer,printingisnotlimitedtoany
cameraobscurawasmadeunsuccessfullyby
particularmaterialsorinks.
ThomasWEDGWOODabout1800.

Historyofphotography
Talbot'sinvention(1840),theCALOTYPE,
Printingistheprocessofmanufacturing
producedanegativepictureonpaper;the
multiplecopiesofgraphicimages.
lightsoftheimagewererecordedasdarks,
Althoughmostpeoplethinkofrprintingas
thedarksaslights
inkonpapeer,printingisnotlimitedtoany
particularmaterialsorinks.

Historyofphotography
Apositivewasmadeonanothersheetofchemically
sensitizedpaper,exposedtolightthroughthenegative.
Becauseaninfinitenumberofpositivescouldbemade
fromasinglenegative,Talbot'sinventionandrefinements
ofitsoonpredominated.Thephotograph'scapacityto
repeatitselfexactlyandinfinitelythroughthenegativeto
positiveprocesswasonesideofitsradicalcharacter.isnot
limitedtoanyparticularmaterialsorinks.

Photography
Photographyisthetechniqueofrecording,by
chemical,mechanicalordigitalmeans,a
permanentimageonalayerofmaterialsensitive
tolightexposure.
ThewordcomesfromtheGreekwordsf??phos
("light"),and??af??graphis("stylus",
"paintbrush")or??af?graph,togethermeaning
"drawingwithlight"or"representationbymeans
oflines","drawing".

Camera
Acameraisadeviceusedtotakephotographs
eithersinglyorinsequence.Thenameisderived
fromcameraobscuraLatinfor"darkchamber",
anearlymechanismforprojectingimagesin
whichanentireroomfunctionedmuchasthe
internalworkingsofamodernphotographic
camera,excepttherewasnowayatthistimeto
recordtheimageshortofmanuallytracingit.

Cameraconsistsof
Everycameraconsistsofsomekindofenclosedchamber,
withanopeningorapertureatoneendforlighttoenter,
andarecordingorviewingsurfaceforcapturingthelight
attheotherend.Thisapertureisoftencontrolledbyan
irisshuttercontrolsthelengthoftimethatthelighthits
thefilm.Forexample,inlowerlightsituations,theshutter
speedshouldbeslowertoallowthefilmtocapturewhat
littlelightispresent.
Traditionalcamerascapturelightontophotographicfilm

Otherformatsofcamera
Videoanddigitalcamerasuseelectronics,usuallyachargecoupled
device(CCD)tocaptureimageswhichcanbetransferredorstored
intapeorcomputermemory/RAM>insidethecameraforlater
playbackorprocessing/Digital_image_processing>.
Camerasthatcapturemanyimagesinsequenceareknownasmovie
camerasthosedesignedforsingleimagesarestillcameras
Howeverthesecategoriesoverlap,asstillcamerasareoftenusedto
capturemovingimagesinspecialeffectsworkandmoderndigital
camerasareoftenabletotriviallyswitchbetweenstillandmotion
recordingmodes.

3Dcamera
Camerasthattake3Dphotographsareknownas
StereoCameras.Stereocamerasformaking3D
printsorslideshavetwolensessidebyside.
Stereocamerasformakinglenticularprintshave
3,4,5orevenmorelenses
Somefilmcamerashaveadateimprintingdevice
thatcanprintadateonthenegativeitself.

ControlsOfStillCamera
Thecontrolsinclude:

Focus
Apertureofthelens
Durationofexposure(orshutterspeed)
Focallengthofthelens(Telescopic,zoom,orwideangle)
Sensitivityofthefilm

Thecontrolsareusuallyinterrelated,forexamplebrightnessis
aperturemultipliedbyshutterspeed,andvaryingthefocallengthof
thelenswillallowgreatercontroloverthedepthoffield

Photographiclensinformation

Aphotographiclens(ormorecorrectly,objective)isanintegrated
systemcomprisingoneormoresimpleopticallenselements,usedfor
acamera.Itmaybefixedtothecamerabody,orinterchangeable.
Therewillusuallybeanapertureselectionmechanismforadjusting
theamountoflightthroughthelens,andafocusingmechanism.
Dependingontypeofcamera,theremayalsobeanintegratedshutter
Themaximumapertureopeningwillnormallybespecified,asthef
numberThelowerthenumber,themorelightisadmittedthroughthe
lens.OnlensesforSLRSinglelens_reflex_camera>cameras,thereis
usuallyanautomechanism,wherebytheapertureisheldfullyopen
whilefocusing,butclosestoitspresetvaluewhenanimageistaken.

Lenses
Themostimportantcharacteristicisthefocallengthwhichisusually
measuredinmmuptoaround1960,andwhichplacesthelensin
oneofthreecategories:

Normallens
Telephotolens
Wideangle_lens
Dependingonwhetherthelenscanorcannotzoom,thephotographiclensis
alsocategorizedaseitherazoomlensorprimelensthelatterhaveafixed
focallengthasopposedtotheformerinwhichthatparametercanbechanged
inordertoachieveazoomin/zoomouteffect.

Singlelensreflexcamerainformation
Thesinglelensreflexcameramorecommonly
knownbytheabbreviationSLR,usesamirror
placedbetweenthelensandthefilmtoprojectthe
imageseenthroughthelenstoamattefocusing
screen.MostSLRsuseapentaprismtoobserve
theimageviaaneyepiece,buttherearealsoother
finderarrangements,suchasthewaistlevelfinder

TheprosofSLRcameraare:
Absenceofparallax
Exactfocusing,esp.importantformacroand
telephotophotography
Abilitytocheckthedepthoffield(afeatureoften
omittedonlowendSLRs)
Vastrangeofinterchangeablelenses(thisfeatureis
generallyavailablealsoonhighendrangefinder
cameras,buttheSLRconceptisperfectforit)

TheconsofSLRcameraare:
Duetomechanicalcomplexityandthebulkyfinder,theSLRcamera
islargerthanarangefindercameraforagivenfilmsize.
Latency;themirrorneedstimetomovebeforethefilmisexposed.
OnmodernSLRs,latencyisgenerallyincreasedbyautofocus,and
canbearealinconvenience.
Noiseandvibrations,mainlyduetothemirrormovement.Thisis
reducedinmodernSLRsbyallowingthemirrortolockintheup
positionbeforetheshutterispressed.
Darkviewfinderwhenusinglowaperturelenses.
Limitedexposuretimeswhenusedwithelectronicflashunits.

Difficultyinconstructingwideanglelensesbecauseofthe
spaceconsumingmirrormovement.

Twinlensreflexcamerainformation
Thetwinlensreflexcamera(TLR)ischaracterizedbyhavingtwo
objectivelensesofthesamefocallengthOneistheactual
photographicobjectivesinglelensreflexcamerasinseveralrespects.
First,unlikemostSLRs,TLRsprovideacontinuousimageonthe
finderscreen.Theviewdoesnotblackoutduringexposure.
Additionally,modelswithleafshuttersratherthanfocalplaneshutters
cansynchronizewithflashathigherspeedsthancanSLRs.However,
becausethephotographerviewsthroughonelensbuttakesthe
photographthroughanother,parallaxerrormakesthephotograph
differentfromtheviewonthescreen.
Thisdifferenceisnegligiblewhenthesubjectisfaraway,butis
criticalfornearbysubjects.

Singlelensreflexcamerainformation
Foraccuracyintabletopphotography,inwhichthesubject
mightbewithinafoot(30cm)ofthecamera,devicesare
availablethatmovethecameraupwardssothatthetaking
lensgoestotheexactpositionthattheviewinglens
occupied.
ThetypicalTLRismediumformat,using120_mmfilm>
rollfilmwithsquare6x6cmimages.Presently,the
ChineseSeagullandtheGermanRolleiMamiya,Minolta
andYashicaja:???????pl:Lustrzankadwuobiektywowa

Digitalphotographyinformation
Digitalphotographyasopposedto
Photographic_filmphotography,usesan
electronicSensortorecordtheimageasa
pieceofelectronicdataratherthanas
chemicalchangesonfilm.

Advantagesofdigital
Theadvantagesofdigitalphotographyovertraditional
filminclude:
Instantreviewofpictures,withnowaitforthefilmtobedeveloped:
ifthere'saproblemwithapicture,youfindoutimmediatelyandcan
correcttheproblemandtakeanotherpicture.
Youonlypayfortheprintingofsuccessfulpictures.
Permanentstorageondigitalmediaisconsiderablycheaperthanfilm.
There'snoneedtoscanthepicturebeforeusingitinacomputer.
Digitalcamerascanbesmallerandlighterthanfilmcamerasof
equivalentquality.

Advantagesoffilm
Batterieslastlongerinfilmcamerasandareusuallyof
astandardtypethatisinexpensiveandwidely
available.
Manualfilmcamerasrequirenobatteriesandbeingmechanically
simpleareabletooperateinextremeenvironments.

Adigitalcamera'sLCDmaybecomeunusableinvery
brightlight.

Equivalentfeatures
Imagenoise/grain:filmgrain</index.php/Film_speed>isequivalentto
imagenoise,athighISO</index.php/Film_speed>levels(filmspeed)the
grain/noisebecomesmoreapparentinthefinalimage.AlthoughfilmISO
levelscanbelowerthandigitalISOlevels(25and50respectively),digital
settingscanbechangedquicklyaccordingtorequirementswhilstfilmmust
bephysicallyreplaced.Additionallyimagenoisereduction
</index.php/Noise_reduction>techniquescanbeusedtoremovenoisefrom
digitalimageswhilstfilmgrainisfixed.Fromanartisticpointofview,film
grainandimagenoisemaybedesirablewhencreatingaspecificmoodforan
image.
Speedofuse:Currentdigitalandfilmcamerascanbeswitchedonandtake
imagesinstantly.Savingimagestodisktakesnolongerthanwindingonthe
film(seeFramespersecond).

Equivalentfeatures
Framespersecond:Themaximumnumberofframespersecond(frame/s)
achievableondigitalandfilmcamerasis8frame/s(NikonD2H
</index.php/Nikon_Corporation>digitalSLR,NikonF5
</index.php/Nikon_Corporation>35mmfilmSLR).TheF5islimitedto36
continuousframes(thelengthofthefilm)whilsttheD2Hisabletotake40
imagesbeforeitsbuffer</index.php/Buffer>mustbeclearedandthe
remainingspaceonthestoragemedia</index.php/Storage_media>canbe
used.
Imagelongevity:Althoughdigitalimagedatadoesnotdegrade(whilstfilm
stockcanfade),themediaonwhichthedigitalimagesarestoredcandecay
orbecomecorrupt,leadingtoalossofimageintegrity.Bothformatsshould
bestoredunderarchivalconditionsformaxiumlongevity.

Equivalentfeatures

Colourreproduction:Colourreproduction(gamut</index.php/Gamut>)is
dependentonthetypeoffilm/sensorusedandthequalityofthecapture
media,lensgroupandprocessing.Differentfilmsandsensorsaresensitiveto
differingsubsetsofcolourwhilstthephotographerneedstohavean
understandingofthelightconditionsandthemediausedtoensureaccurate
colourreproduction.

Lets have a break

Showcase of Photography

Glamour

Erotic fashhion

People

Assignments
Objective:CreateaCharacterizationofIndia
SMP:BlackWhite

Assignments:
Assignments

ShootPortraitofanypeople
Or
ShootEverydaysituation

Thanks
andanyinfodonthesitate
tomailmeatpijushd
@rediffmail.com
orcallmeat9818029029

PiushDutta