Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 9
Lipids and Membranes
Lipids
Storageenergy:triacylglycerol(fat,oil)
Cellmembrane:glycerophospholipids,sphingolipids,sterols
Protectivesurface:wax(incellwall,exoskeleton,skin)
Enzymecofactor:
Electroncarrier:cytochromeP450
Lightabsorbingpigments:chlorophyll
Hydrphobicanchors
Emulsifyingagents
Hormones:testosterone,estradiol
Interacellularmessengers:sialicacid
p. 254
Fattyacid
Saturated
fatty acid
Unsaturated
fatty acid
IUPC:InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry
p. 255
Fuel:
~37kJ/gfattyacid
~16kJ/gproteinorcabohydrate
pKa4.5~5.0,ionizedatphysiological
pH
Asadetergent,withpolarheadand
hydrophobictail
Lowconcentrationinmembrane
Joinedtoothermolecularwithester
linkage
p. 257
Triacylglycerol
Fat(solid)andoil(liquid)are
mixtureoftricaylglycerols.
Mostdietlipids:tricaylglycerols.
Mostabundantlipidinanimal.
Notfoundincellmembrane.
Pancreaticlipaseshydrolysethe
ester(atC1andC3)of
gtracylglycerol.
p. 258
Glycerolphospholipids
Glycerolphospholipids
Mostabundantincell
membrane
Contain:
Glycerolbackboned
2acylgroupsatC1,C2
PhosphateatC3
Named:PhosphatidylX
p. 260
p. 261
Disruptcellmembrane.
Presentinpancreaticjuice,
snake,bee,andwaspvenom.
p. 261
Structure of an
ethanolamine
plasmalogen
Ethanolamine
Ethanolamineandcolinearethe
commonlyesterifiedto
plasmalogen.
About23%oftheglycerophospho
lipidinthehumancentralnerve
system,alsofoundinthemembrane
ofperipheralnerveandmuscle.
p. 262
Sphingolipids
p. 262
Structure of a galactocerebroside
Galactocerebrosides are
abundant in nerve tissue, about
15% lipid of myelin sheaths.
p. 263
Ganglioside GM2
GM2isthe2ndmonosialoganglioside
caracterized.
Now>60gangliosides.
Gangliosides:ceramide+C1Glc+Gla
Presentoncellsurface
p. 263
Inheritedhumandiseases
resultingfromabnormal
accumulationof
membranelipids.
Pathwayforthebreakdown
ofGM1,globosideand
sphigomyelin.
GM2Lysosomesswell
nervecellsenlargement
nervecellsdie
blindness,mental
retardation,death
Lehninger,p356
Lehninger,p354
p. 249
Steroids
Isoprene
(2methyl1,3butadiene)
Carbon backbone
Isoprene unit
p. 264
Structures of
several steroids
Basedon5Cisopropene
3X6Cring+1X5Cring
Cholesterol:OHatC3
Cardiovasculardisease
MammalianHormones
Bileslat
Plantsterols
Cellmembranecomponent
p. 265
Cholesteryl ester
Cholesterolisconvertedtocholesterylestersforstorageincellsorfor
transportthroughthebloodstream.
Sinceinsolubleinwater,cholesterolanditsestersmustbecomplexedwith
phospholipidsandamphipathicproteinsinlipoproteinsfortransport.
p. 267
Waxes
nonpolarestersoflongchainfattyacidsandlongchainmonohydroxylicalcohols
protectivewaterproofcoatings
Beeswax,myricylpalmitate,esterofpalmitate(16:0)andthe30Cmyricylalcohol
Earwax,cerumen(fromtheLatinwordcera,wax)
secretedbycellsliningtheauditorycanal
containssqualene,triacylglycerolsandwaxes(about10%oftheweight).
p. 267
Some isoprenoids
Lemonflavor
Archaebacteria
cellmembrane
Developmentregulation
ininsect
p. 268
p. 269
Biologicalmembrane
Lipidbilayersandproteins
Externalboundariesofcells
Separatecompartmentswithincells
Selectivepumps:transportofionsandsmallmolecules
Generatingandmaintainingtheprotonconcentration
gradientsforATPproduction
Recognizeextracellularsignalsandcommunicatethem
tothecellinterior.
5to6nmthick,flexible,selfseal
twosheets,ormonolayers(leaflets)
polarheadgroups:contactwiththeaqueousmedium
nonpolarhydrocarbontails:towardtheinteriorofthebilayer
lipidbilayersisdrivenbythehydrophobicinteractions
p. 270
Typicalbiologicalmembrane
610nm
Lipids:25%~50%
Proteins:50%~75%
Carbohydrate:10%
Cholesterolandsomeotherliplds:~30%oftotallipid
Componentsofinnerandoutermembranesaredifferent.
Redbloodcells:richinproteins
Braincells:richinphosphotidylserines
E.coli:inner70%phosphatidylethanolamines
outerlipopolysaccharides
Mammalian:outersurface90%sphingomylin
fluidmosaicmodel:1972S.JonathanSingerandGarthL.Nicolson
membraneisadynamicstructure
proteinsandlipidscanrapidlyandrandomlydiffuselaterallyorrotate
p. 271
2m/sec
2106m/sec
flippasesandfloppases:membraneboundenzymes
generatedandmaintainedlipidasymmetry
ATPdependantmovespecificphospholipidsfromonemonolayertotheother
p. 272
Diffusion of membrane
proteins
1970L.D.FryeandMichaelA.Edidin:
proteinsdiffusewithinthelipidbilayer.
Majorityofmembraneproteinsdiffuse
~100to500timesslowlythanlipids.
Immobilemembraneproteins:
actasfencesorcages,restrictingthe
movementofotherproteins;
producesproteinpatches,ordomains,
areasofmembrane.
p. 273
p. 274
Thickness
15%
Intheorderedgelstate,thehydrocarbonchainsareextended.
Abovethephasetransitiontemperature,rotationaroundCCbonds
disordersthechainsintheliquidcrystallinephase.
Phasetransitionsinbiologicalmembranescanbelocalized,sofluidandgel
phaseregionscancoexistatcertaintemperatures.
p. 274
Fluidityandphasetransitiontemperature
Thestructureofaphospholipid:incorporatingan
unsaturatedfattyacylgroupintoaphospholipidlowersthe
phasetransitiontemperature.
Cholesterolaccountsfor20%to25%ofthemassoflipidsin
atypicalmammalianplasmamembraneandsignificantly
affectsmembranefluidity.
lipidrafts:
Cholestreolandsphingolipid
Maintainedbymembraneproteins
p. 274
p. 275
Membraneproteins
Integralmembraneproteins
Peripheralmembraneproteins
Lipidanchoredmembraneproteins
p. 271
helix
~20aa
lightharvesting
prostheticgroup
(inyellow)
loops
Integralmembraneproteins(transmembraneproteins)
Hydrophobiccore(transmembraneregion)+exposedproteinsonthesurface.
p. 276
Thisporinformsachannelforthepassageofproteinboundironinto
thebacterium.Thechannelisformedfrom22antiparallelstrands
p. 276
Peripheralmembraneproteins
Associatedwithonefaceofthemembranethrough
chargechargeinteractionsandhydrogenbondingwith
integralmembraneproteinsorwiththepolarheadgroups
ofmembranelipids.
AchangeinpHorionicstrengthisoftensufficientto
removetheseproteinsfromthemembrane.
Lipid-anchored
membrane proteins
attached to the
plasma membrane
p. 277
MembraneTransport
(Nonpolargases,
Hydrophobicmolecules)
p. 278
ThermodynamicsofMembraneTransport
Aout
inat25C,
[Ain]=1mM, [Aout]=100mM
ThermodynamicsofMembraneTransport
Chargecompounds
:membranepotential(involts)
F :Faradayssconstant(96.485kJV1mol1)
z:chargeonthemoleculebeingtransported
p. 280
Uniport
Symport
Antiport
p. 281
p. 281
proteinbindsitsspecificsubstrate
conformationalchange
allowthemoleculeoriontobereleasedon
theothersideofthemembrane
p. 282
lightharvesting
prostheticgroup
(inyellow)
Bacteriorhodopsin:
useslightenergytogenerateatransmembraneproton
concentrationgradientthatcanbeusedforATPformation.
p. 276
Theoxidationofreduced
substrates(Sred)generatesa
transmembraneproton
concentrationgradient.
Theenergyreleasedby
protonsmovingdowntheir
concentrationgradientdrives
thetransportoflactoseinto
thecellbylactosepermease.
p. 282
p. 283
EndocytosisandExocytosis
Movementforlargemolecule,suchasproteins.
Receptormediatedendocytosis:bindingofmacromoleculestospecific
receptorproteinsintheplasmamembraneofthecell,fusingwith
endosomethenwithlysosome.
Exocytosis:materialsforsecretionareenclosedinvesiclesbytheGolgi
apparatus,thenfusewiththeplasmamembrane,releasingthevesicle
contentsintotheextracellularspace.
p. 283
TransductionofExtracellularSignals
Signals:
chemotaxis
hormones
neurotransmitters
growthfactors
TheHotSpiceofChiliPeppers
Vanilloid(capsacin)receptor(inactive)
Opiod
( )
Vanilloidreceptor(active)
Na+andK+flowintonervecell
Pain,temperatureincreasing
Cascade:seriesamplificationevents
p. 285
p. 288
Gproteinshave
GTPaseactivity
p. 286
G-protein cycle
:fattyacylanchoredprotein
:prenylanchoredprotein
http://upload.wikimedia.org
p. 286
p. 287
Theassembledcomplexis
inactive.
WhenfourmoleculesofcAMP
bindtotheregulatorysubunit
(R)dimer,thecatalyticsubunits
(C)arereleased.
p. 288
Activation of receptor
tyrosine kinases
Insulin receptor
p. 291
insulinreceptorsubstrates
p. 292
p. 289
p. 290