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Muscular System Functions

Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Diaphragm and intercostal contractions

Communication (Verbal and Facial)

Constriction of organs and vessels
Peristalsis of intestinal tract
Vasoconstriction of b.v. and other structures (pupils)

Heart beat
Production of body heat (Thermogenesis)

Properties of Muscle
Excitability: capacity of muscle to respond
to a stimulus
Contractility: ability of a muscle to shorten
and generate pulling force
Extensibility: muscle can be stretched back
to its original length
Elasticity: ability of muscle to recoil to
original resting length after stretched

Types of Muscle

Skeletal
Attached to bones
Makes up 40% of body weight
Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory movements,
other types of body movement
Voluntary in action; controlled by somatic motor neurons

Smooth
In the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, uterus, skin
Some functions: propel urine, mix food in digestive tract, dilating/constricting
pupils, regulating blood flow,
In some locations, autorhythmic
Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

Cardiac
Heart: major source of movement of blood
Autorhythmic
Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

Connective Tissue Sheaths

Connective Tissue of a Muscle
Epimysium. Dense regular c.t. surrounding entire muscle
Separates muscle from surrounding tissues and organs
Connected to the deep fascia

Perimysium. Collagen and elastic fibers surrounding a group of

muscle fibers called a fascicle
Contains b.v and nerves

Endomysium. Loose connective tissue that surrounds individual

muscle fibers
Also contains b.v., nerves, and satellite cells (embryonic stem cells
function in repair of muscle tissue

Collagen fibers of all 3 layers come together at each end

of muscle to form a tendon or aponeurosis.

Nerve and Blood Vessel Supply

Motor neurons
stimulate muscle fibers to contract
Neuron axons branch so that each muscle fiber (muscle cell) is
innervated
Form a neuromuscular junction (= myoneural junction)

Capillary beds surround muscle fibers

Muscles require large amts of energy
Extensive vascular network delivers necessary oxygen
and nutrients and carries away metabolic waste
produced by muscle fibers

Muscle Tissue Types

Skeletal Muscle

Long cylindrical cells

Many nuclei per cell
Striated
Voluntary
Rapid contractions

Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle

Muscle attachments
Most skeletal muscles
run from one bone to
another
One bone will move
other bone remains fixed
Origin less movable
attach- ment
Insertion more
movable attach- ment

Basic Features of a Skeletal

Muscle
Muscle attachments (continued)
Muscles attach to origins and insertions by
connective tissue
Fleshy attachments connective tissue fibers are
short
Indirect attachments connective tissue forms a
tendon or aponeurosis

Bone markings present where tendons meet

bones
Tubercles, trochanters, and crests

Skeletal Muscle Structure

Composed of muscle cells (fibers),

connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
Fibers are long, cylindrical, and
multinucleated
Tend to be smaller diameter in small
muscles and larger in large muscles. 1
mm- 4 cm in length
Develop from myoblasts; numbers
remain constant
Striated appearance
Nuclei are peripherally located

Muscle Attachments

Antagonistic Muscles

Microanatomy of Skeletal
Muscle

Muscle Fiber Anatomy

Sarcolemma - cell membrane

Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
Contains many of the same organelles seen in other cells
An abundance of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin
Punctuated by openings called the transverse tubules (T-tubules)
Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to the
surface
Filled with extracellular fluid
Myofibrils -cylindrical structures within muscle fiber
Are bundles of protein filaments (=myofilaments)
Two types of myofilaments
1. Actin filaments (thin filaments)
2. Myosin filaments (thick filaments)
At each end of the fiber, myofibrils are anchored to the inner surface of
the sarcolemma
When myofibril shortens, muscle shortens (contracts)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril
Form chambers called terminal cisternae on either side
of the T-tubules

A single T-tubule and the 2 terminal cisternae form

a triad
SR stores Ca++ when muscle not contracting
When stimulated, calcium released into sarcoplasm
SR membrane has Ca++ pumps that function to pump
Ca++ out of the sarcoplasm back into the SR after
contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Parts of a Muscle

Sarcomeres: Z
Disk to Z Disk

Sarcomere - repeating functional units of a

myofibril
About 10,000 sarcomeres per myofibril, end
to end
Each is about 2 m long

Differences in size, density, and distribution

of thick and thin filaments gives the muscle
fiber a banded or striated appearance.
A bands: a dark band; full length of thick
(myosin) filament
M line - protein to which myosins attach
H zone - thick but NO thin filaments
I bands: a light band; from Z disks to ends of
thick filaments
Thin but NO thick filaments
Extends from A band of one sarcomere to A
band of the next sarcomere

Z disk: filamentous network of protein. Serves

as attachment for actin myofilaments
Titin filaments: elastic chains of amino acids;
keep thick and thin filaments in proper
alignment

Structure of Actin and Myosin

Myosin (Thick)
Myofilament

Many elongated myosin molecules shaped

like golf clubs.
Single filament contains roughly 300
myosin molecules
Molecule consists of two heavy myosin
molecules wound together to form a rod
portion lying parallel to the myosin
myofilament and two heads that extend
laterally.
Myosin heads
1. Can bind to active sites on the actin
molecules to form cross-bridges.
(Actin binding site)
2. Attached to the rod portion by a hinge
region that can bend and straighten
during contraction.
3. Have ATPase activity: activity that
breaks down adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), releasing energy. Part of the
energy is used to bend the hinge
region of the myosin molecule during
contraction

Thin Filament: composed of 3 major

proteins
1. F (fibrous) actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Troponin
Two strands of fibrous (F) actin form a
double helix extending the length of the
myofilament; attached at either end at
sarcomere.
Composed of G actin monomers
each of which has a myosin-binding
site (see yellow dot)
Actin site can bind myosin during
muscle contraction.
Tropomyosin: an elongated protein
winds along the groove of the F actin
double helix.
Troponin is composed of three subunits:
Tn-A : binds to actin
Tn-T :binds to tropomyosin,
Tn-C :binds to calcium ions.

Actin (Thin)
Myofilaments

Now, putting it all together to perform the function

of muscle: Contraction

Z line

Z line

H Band

Binding Site

Troponin

Ca2+

Tropomyosin

Myosin

Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Muscle contraction
Alpha motor neurons release Ach
ACh produces large EPSP in muscle fibers (via
nicotinic Ach receptors
EPSP evokes action potential
Action potential (excitation) triggers Ca2+
release, leads to fiber contraction
Relaxation, Ca2+ levels lowered by organelle
reuptake

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Sliding Filament Model of

Contraction
Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so
that the actin and myosin filaments overlap
to a greater degree
In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments
overlap only slightly
Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to
actin and sliding begins

How striated muscle works: The Sliding Filament Model

The lever movement drives displacement of the actin filament relative to the myosin
head (~5 nm), and by deforming internal elastic structures, produces force (~5 pN).
Thick and thin filaments interdigitate and slide relative to each other.

Neuromuscular Junction

Neuromuscular Junction
Region where the motor neuron stimulates the muscle fiber
The neuromuscular junction is formed by :
1. End of motor neuron axon (axon terminal)
Terminals have small membranous sacs (synaptic vesicles) that
contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

2. The motor end plate of a muscle

A specific part of the sarcolemma that contains ACh receptors

Though exceedingly close, axonal ends and muscle fibers

are always separated by a space called the synaptic cleft

Neuromuscular Junction

Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle

Functional Unit
A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the
muscle fibers it supplies
The number of muscle fibers per motor unit can
vary from a few (4-6) to hundreds (1200-1500)
Muscles that control fine movements (fingers,
eyes) have small motor units
Large weight-bearing muscles (thighs, hips) have
large motor units

Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle

Functional Unit
Muscle fibers from a motor unit are spread
throughout the muscle
Not confined to one fascicle

Therefore, contraction of a single motor unit causes

weak contraction of the entire muscle
Stronger and stronger contractions of a muscle
require more and more motor units being stimulated
(recruited)

Motor Unit
All the muscle cells controlled by one
nerve cell

Acetylcholine Opens Na
Channel

Muscle Contraction Summary

Nerve impulse reaches myoneural junction
Acetylcholine is released from motor
neuron
Ach binds with receptors in the muscle
membrane to allow sodium to enter
Sodium influx will generate an action
potential in the sarcolemma

Muscle Contraction (Contd)

Action potential travels down T tubule
Sarcoplamic reticulum releases calcium
Calcium binds with troponin to move the
troponin, tropomyosin complex
Binding sites in the actin filament are
exposed

Muscle Contraction (contd)

Myosin head attach to binding sites and
create a power stroke
ATP detaches myosin heads and energizes
them for another contaction
When action potentials cease the muscle
stop contracting

Contraction Speed

Myosin is a Molecular Motor

Myosin is a hexamer:
2 myosin heavy chains
4 myosin light chains

2 nm

Coiled coil of two helices

C terminus

Myosin head: retains all of the motor functions of myosin,

i.e. the ability to produce movement and force.
Nucleotide
binding site

Myosin S1 fragment
crystal structure
NH2-terminal catalytic
(motor) domain

neck region/lever arm

Ruegg et al., (2002)

News Physiol Sci 17:213-218.

IV- Muscle metabolism

Muscle fibers use ATP (only first

few seconds) for contraction
ATP must then be generated by
the muscle cell:
- from creatine phosphate, first
- from glucose and glycogen
- from fatty-acids
ATP formation from the above
compound is possible if oxygen is
present (oxidative
phosphorylation: 36 ATP per
glucose)
Oxygen is delivered to the muscle by
myoglobin, a molecule with high
affinity to oxygen and related to
hemoglobin

If the effort is strong and

sustained, the muscle might
not have enough oxygen
delivered to it by myoglobin
anaerobic glycolysis with
only 2 ATP formed per
glucose and synthesis of
lactic acid
Consequence of anaerobic
metabolism?

Figure 12.11

Muscle fatigue

Muscle fatigue: a decline in the

ability of the muscle to sustain the
strength of contraction
Causes:
- rapid build-up of lactic acid
- decrease in oxygen supply
- decrease in energy supply (glucose,
glycogen, fatty-acids)
- Decreased neurotransmitter at the
synapse
- psychological causes