Praise to the mighty Sun, which brings us the day and

the light and the air and clouds and all weather,
by which all life is upheld in all creatures.

MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
AN EXPRESSION OF NATURES
HARMONY !!

UR GOAL IN THIS LECTURE IS TO DEVELOP THE ELECTROMAGNETIC MOD

FOR RADIATION .
THE MODEL WAS DEVELOPED BY
JAMES CLARKE MAXWELL.

AT THE END OF THE LECTURE WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO

APPLY IT TO UNDERSTAND THE PROPAGATION OF EM WAVES
THROUGH A MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDE AND AN OPTICAL FIBER.
MOST IMPORTANTLY WE REALISE THE RELEVANCE
OF THIS MODEL BEING THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
UNIFYING EVERYTHING IN NATURE
INCLUDINGTHE PRINCIPLE OF HOW WE SEE !!!

Environment around charges that are

stationary.

moving with uniform velocity.

accelerating.

COULOMBS LAW
UNIVERSAL IN BEHAVIOUR

EVERY CHARGED PARTICLE

HAS ITS INFLUENCE ON
EVERY OTHER CHARGED
PARTICLE
IN THE UNIVERSE.

COULOMBS LAW
UNIVERSAL IN BEHAVIOUR

EVERY CHARGED PARTICLE

HAS ITS INFLUENCE ON
EVERY OTHER CHARGED
PARTICLE
IN THE UNIVERSE.
CHARACTERISATION OF SPACE
AROUND A CHARGE.
ELECTRIC FIELD

Total Flux through

any closed surface
Total
charge
enclosed by
the surface.
In Point form or
differential form

LET US NOW SEE

WHAT HAPPENS TO
SPACE WHEN THE
CHARGES ARE MOVING
WITH UNIFORM
VELOCITY !

Magnetic field arises due

charges in motion. A
steady magnetic field is
due to charges moving
with uniform velocity
[steady current ]. The
Steady Magnetic field is
related to the steady
current
through
the
relation
and in point form is

B = H

Both are Amperes Law

in different forms.

Since the dot product is positive wh

It enters the surface and negative w
it leaves.
It could also be interpreted as due
non existence of monopoles .
A CLOSED SURFACE

In point form it is

Maxwells Equations for

stationary charges and for charges
moving with uniform velocity.

D=E

B
=H
D -E -H
B --

Coulombs per sq.meter

Volts per meter
Amperes per meter
Weber per sq. meter or Tesla

Now the
most
exiting
aspect of
Maxwells
work !!

Now the
most exiting
aspect of
Maxwells
work !!
ENVIRONMENT
AROUND
ACCELERATING
CHARGES.

TWO NEW CONCEPTS

Electric field produced by
changing Magnetic field.
concept from the experimental
work of
Michael Faraday.

Magnetic field produced by

changing electric field
resulting from the experimental
work of Ampere and
theoretical work of
James Clarke Maxwell.

The First Concept

Electric field
produced by
changing Magnetic
field.

Faradays law states that emf around the

closed path is equal to (-ve) of time rate
of change of magnetic flux enclosed by
the path.

i.e.
But
Use Stokes theorem

.
.

Negative sign indicates

later value of B is less
than the Initial value.

TIME RATE OF VARIATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AT A POINT

PRODUCES AN ELECTRIC FIELD AT THAT POINT.

The Second Concept

Magnetic field
produced by
changing Electric
field.

AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW

THE STATE OF AFFAIRS ---THEN

THE STATE OF AFFAIRS THEN

MAXWELLS THINKING.
NATURE LOVES SYMMETRY !
SOMETHING IS WRONG ?

Point form of Amperes Circuital Law for

steady
magnetic fields,
It is inadequate for time varying
fields.
Take divergence of both sides.
Since divergence of a curl is always zero, we
get
For time varying current [ or time varying
charge
density]
and is actually,
as we shall see in the next slide.

Since the current is electric charge in motion,

the total current flowing out of some volume
must be equal to the rate of decrease of
charge within the volume since charge can
neither be created nor can be destroyed. The
conservation of charge can be written as
NEGATIVE TAKES
CARE OF
DECREASE

I=

By Gauss divergence theorem,

Point form
Continuity Equation.

We now modify this Law for time varying situations.

We start with

from Gausss law,

, and substitute for

. Thus,

from which, we get

CONTINUITY
EQUATION FOR
TIME VARYING FIELDS

is the total current density for time varying

fields.
--- Conduction Current
Density

--- Displacement Current Density.

The current density

in Amperes
Circuital Law for
steady currents,
should be replaced by
Varying Fields.

for Time

Amperes circuital law in point form for time

varying
field becomes

has dimensions of current density,

amperes per
square
meter.

"The insertion of Displacement Current

in Amperes law was Maxwells
greatest contribution to Humanity."
Richard Feynman

SICALLY, THESE EQUATIONS DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES OF NA

STATIONARY CHARGES PRODUCE STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD
CHARGES MOVING WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY
PRODUCE STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD.
ACCELERATING CHARGES PRODUCE RADIATION.

DIRECTION OF VIBRATION
OF ELECTRON
NO RADIATION IN THIS
DIRECTION

MAXIMUM RADIATION IN
THIS DIRECTION
CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW

The Immense potentialities of these equations

made Ludwig Boltzmann comment,

Was it a God who wrote these lines ?

Let us solve these equations !

FOR FREE
SPACE

[
=
= -

]
[

]
]

Free Space

= -

Permeabllity

= 4 X 10- 7

where

Permittivity
= 8.854X 10

- 12

F/m

Similarly

H/m

We learn about
the unknown
from
the known !

KNOWN

KNOWN

In Free Space

UNKNOWN

and H propagate with a velocity

KNOWN

In Free Space

UNKNOWN

nd H propagate with a velocity

ONE OF THE POSSIBLE

SOLUTIONS

ALL FREQUENCIES TRAVEL WITH SAME

VELOCITY
IN FREE SPACE AND WITHOUT
ATTENUATION.

PROPAGATION IN A MATERIAL MEDIUM

Ohms Law in
Point Form
=

 Since
, the
phase velocity in
the medium
decreases , since
v=

 Since
, the
phase velocity in
the medium is

is frequency
altered.
dependant.
The phase velocity of
the wave in the
medium will depend
on the frequency the
dispersion
phenomenon.

 Since
, the
phase velocity in
the medium

is frequency
decreases.
dependant.
The phase velocity of
the wave in the
medium will depend
on the frequency the
dispersion
phenomenon.

Only Electric Field is

involves a random
process the
first terms represent a
loss. This term causes an
exponential decrease in
the amplitude of the

SUMMARISING

FREE SPACE
DIELECTRIC MEDIUM

ly Electric Field is shown

Permeability r r
Permittivity
Conductivity

A phase delay occurs at the boundary ,

the delay depends on the permittivity
of the medium.
This is the origin of Refractive Index.

THE GRAND
CONCLUSIONS

The spatial variation of the

charge
gets impressed on the
Electric and
Magnetic fields and they
propagate
with velocity of light.
EVERY POINT IN THE UNIVERSE
[ VACUUM OR MATERIALS ]

KNOWS
THE MOVEMENT OF EVERY CHARGE !!!!!

THE SPACE TIME FLUCTUATIONS OF CHARGES

RESULTS IN AN
IDENTICAL FLUCTUATIONS IN
THE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC INTENSITIES
IN THE SPACE

AROUND IT..

THE FLUCTUATIONS TRAVEL WITH THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT

THE TRAVELLING FLUCTUATIONS CONTAIN
INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHARGE MOVEMENT.
INFORMATION COULD BE
VOICE, PICTURE, DATA OR WHATEVER.

MAXWELLS EQUATIONS PREDICT THE MECHANISM OF

INFORMATION TRANSFER TO
REST OF THE UNIVERSE !

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL

13 June 1831 5 November 1879

As of now, if we are able to establish

very superior communication
systems or to develop extremely
accurate sensors or to get a glimpse
of the Universe, it is through the use

SEEN TEN THOUSAND

YEARS FROM NOW,
THERE CAN BE LITTLE
DOUBT THAT
MAXWELLS
THEORY OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM
WOULD BE ONE OF
THE MOST
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS.
RICHARD FEYNMAN

MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
AN EXPRESSION OF NATURES
HARMONY !!
THUS THE UNIVERSE IS KNIT TOGETHER. THE ATOMIC MOTIONS
OF DISTANT STARS STILL HAVE SUFFICIENT INFLUENCE AT THE
GREAT DISTANCE TO SET THE ELECTRONS IN OUR EYE IN
MOTION.
IF THIS LAW DID NOT EXIST, WE WOULD ALL BE IN
THE DARK ABOUT THE EXTERIOR WORLD !

RICHARD FEYNMAN