NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGE

101 ST NATIONAL MANAGEMENT

COURSE
Current Issue Presentation
Topic:

Article 25-A: Right to Education

Presenter:

Dr. Pervez Ahmed Khan

Service Group: Pakistan Administrative Service

Faculty Advisor: Mr. Muhammad Ilyas
Dated:

18-09-2014
1

ARTICLE 25-A: RIGHT TO

EDUCATION
Article 25-A:
A way forward for
improvement of
literacy in
Pakistan
(A case study of
Punjab)
3

SEQUENCE OF THE PRESENTATION

Currency of the topic

Aim of the Presentation
Statement of the problem
Right to Education & Article 25-A
Legislation on Education
Situation analysis: Pakistan & Punjab
Legislation in Punjab on Education
Analysis
Conclusion
Recommendations

CURRENCY OF THE TOPIC

Literacy top agenda of the developing
countries
Literacy core indicator of HDI
Socio economic uplift of masses through
literacy
Literacy an indicator of MDGs
7

AIM OF THE PRESENTATION

The aim of the presentation is to share
fi ndings and analysis of the situation of
education,

challenges

enhancing

literacy

and
rate

legislation
along

in

with

recommendations to address the issue of

illiteracy.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Article

25-A

of

Constitution

of

Pakistan

guarantees the Universal Right to Education to

all Pakistanis up to the age of 16. However,
mere

enactments

implementation
movement

is

can

unless

not
a

launched

ensure

mass
and

its

literacy
enabling

environment is created.
9

ARTICLE
25-A
RIGHT TO
EDUCATI
ON

The state shall provide free

and compulsory education to all
children of age fi ve to sixteen
years in such manner as may be
determined by law

10

LEGISLATIVE PROVISION FOR

RIGHT TO EDUCATION
Comparison With Other Nations
Indicat Pakistan
or
Legislatio Article 25-A
n
Free and
Compulsory
Education
Act
2010
Target
5-16
Age
Group

India

Banglade
sh

Sri
Lanka

Right to
free
Education
2010

Article 17
Free and
Compulsory
Education

Article 27
of
Constitutio
n of Sri
Lanka

6-14

As may be
determined
by law

5-14
11

IMPACT OF PREVIOUS
LEGISLATIONS
(A COMPARISON OF PAKISTAN &
INDIA)
Chronological Trends of Literacy Rate in Pakistan and India
74.04
64

64.83
58

43.57

43.9

INDIA

34.45
28.3

45

26.2

Pakistan

21.7
18.33
16.4

16.3

12
( PSLM Survey 2013, MICS 2011, Census reports India, UNESCO & Country reports)

LEGISLATION ON EDUCATION
West Pakistan Primary Education Ordinance,
1962
The Workers Children (Education)
Ordinance, 1972
Article 37-B of the Constitution, 1973
Punjab Compulsory Primary Education Act,
1994

13

th

PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION ON
ARTICLE 25-A
Provincial Legislation
Status
The Punjab Free and
Promulgated
Compulsory Education
Ordinance, 2014
The Sindh Right of Children to
Promulgated
Free and Compulsory Education
Act, 2013
Right to Free Education Bill KPK At formulation
stage
Baluchistan Compulsory
Promulgated
Education Bill

14

SITUATION ANALYSIS:
PAKISTAN

15

SITUATION ANALYSIS
Pakistans Literacy Rate 60%: 113 th in World
Literacy Ranking
146 th position in HDI
Third highest number of illiterates after India
and China (55 million)
GDP spending on Education in Pakistan is
about 2% (since 1995) against the world
average of 5%

16

GDP SPENDING ON EDUCATION:

COMPARISON WITH WORLD

World
Pakistan

Source: World Bank Report 2013

17

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH

AND WEST ASIA
Country

HDI Ranking

Public expenditure Literacy Rate

on Education
(%)
as % of GDP

Iran

76

5.2

85

Sri Lanka

92

5.4

91

Maldives

104

8.3

94

India

136

3.3

74

Bangladesh

146

2.6

57

Pakistan

146

2.4

60

Nepal

157

3.2

60

Human Development
Report 2013

1.World Bank Report 2012 and

2.Economic Survey of Pakistan 201011

1.UNESCO EFA Global

Monitoring Report 2012
18
2.PSLM 2013

Education Budget in Pakistan:

1995-96 to 2012-13
Year

% of GDP

Year

% of GDP

1995-96

2.00

2005-06

2.40

1996-97

2.62

2006-07

2.42

1997-98

2.34

2007-08

2.49

1998-99

2.40

2008-09

2.7

1999-00

1.7

2009-10

2.6

2000-01

1.6

2010-11

2.4

2001-02

1.9

2011-12

2.2

2002-03

1.7

2012-13

2.1

2003-04

2.20

2004-05

2.12

(Source: Economic Survey (2002-2003) Finance Division Government of Pakistan, Page 167, Table 11.5 and Economic
Survey of Pakistan 2005-06, 2010-11 and EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008, 2009, and other related documents of19
Govt. of Pakistan World Bank Report 2013)

SITUATION ANALYSIS
40% population is illiterate
50% children have no access to primary
education
5.5 million out of school children (5-9 yrs.) second largest after Nigeria

Link

Girls (41%) versus boys (28%) are out of school

Rural (40%) versus urban (22%) children are out of
school
20

( E c o n o m i c S u r v e y ( 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 3 ) F i n a n c e D i v i s i o n G o v e r n m e n t o f Pa k i s t a n , Pa g e 1 6 7 ,

INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS
Millennium Development Goals; UN; 2000
Targets for 2015:
a) Universal Primary Education for every boy &
girl
b) Pakistan to achieve Literacy Rate of 86%

World Education Forum; Dakar; 2000

World

Declaration

Jomtien; 1990

on

Education

for

All;
21

SITUATION ANALYSIS: PROGRESS

OF MDGS
MDG 2- Achieve Universal Primary Education
Indicator
Net Primary Enrollment
Rate
Completion/ survival
rate grade 1-5
Literacy Rate

Target
(%age)
100

Achieved
(%age)
57

100

50

86

60

Status
Off
track
Off
track
Off
track

(Pa kistan MDG Report 2013, Planning Commission)

22

PUNJAB: A CASE STUDY

23

PUNJAB: SITUATION ANALYSIS

Population:

96 Million

Growth Rate:

1.8%

Literacy Rate (10+):

62%

Total illiterates (10+):

29.77 million

Out of school children (5-14): 2.3 million

Adult (15y+) Illiterates:
27.47 million
Youth (15-24):
5.33 million
(NIPS Projections 2013, PSLM Survey 2013, MICS 2011)

24

PUNJAB: SITUATION ANALYSIS

Population and
Literacy Statistics
Indicator

Pakistan

Share of illiterate Population

Punjab

Population

182
million

96
million

Illiterate
Population

55.6
million

29.77
million

47%

53%

KPK, Sindh, Bal

Sources: World Bank & NIPS 2013 for Population Projections

PSLM 2013 for

Punjab
25

ALLOCATIONS & RELEASES

Allocations

1200

275
201

Rs. In
millions
1605

1250

800
612

Releases

800

800

915

1029

656
527
198

300

340

Trend of allocations not commensurate with the challenge

26

Attock

Literacy Map of Punjab

Mianwali

Rawalpind
i
8
7
2
6
Khushab
Jehlum
Bhakkar
5
7
5
9
Sargodha M.B.Din 2 Gujrat
6
6
6
Layyah
6
3
9
D.G.Khan
Chiniot
8
5
Hafizaba Gujranwala
Jhang
4
9
4
d
Sialkot
6
7
5
Muzaffar Garh
5
7
NankanaSahi
1
7
3
2
b 6
Faisalabad
4
0
Narowal
1
Sheikhupur
Khanewa T.T.Singh
9
6
6
6
a
l
5
6
9
Multan
3
9
8
3 Lahore
6
Sahiwal
Okara
7
0 Lodhran Vehari
5
Kasur
8
5
8
5
5
5
Pakpatta5
3
4
4
5n
3
70% & Above

Literacy Rates Source PSLM 2013

Rajanpur
3
9
R.Y.Khan
4
5

6
8

Bahawalpur
4
8

6
0

Bahawalnaga
r 5
4

Chakwal

60% to 69%
50% to 59%
40% to 49%
Below 40%

27

LITERACY RATES: INTERPROVINCIAL COMPARISON

Province

Literacy Rate (10+) %

1972
(Census)

1981
(Census)

1998
(Census)

2011
(PSLM)

2013
(PSLM)

Punjab

20.7

27.4

46.6

60

62

Sindh

30.2

31.5

45.3

59

60

KPK

15.5

16.7

35.4

50

52

Balochistan

10.1

10.3

26.6

41

44
28

Challenges and Issues

29

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES

Article 25-A does not cover adult literacy

18 th

Amendment

education

to

devolved

provinces

sans

subject

of

transfer

of

fi nancial and human resources

Delayed legislation in Punjab

Ordinance issued after 4 years

30

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES

29 million illiterates in Punjab
40% School drop out rate
Access issues
8.0 million (50+ age) adult illiterates
Males interested in earning and not learning
Social Problems
Disinterested Community
Pro j e c t i o n s 2 0 1 1)

( S o u rc e :

PSLM

2013

&

NIPS
31

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES

Lack of reliable data: No census since 1998
Curriculum not market oriented - provides no
value addition

32

LEGISLATION IN
PUNJAB ON EDUCATION

33

PUNJAB COMPULSORY EDUCATION

ACT 1994
Non sending children to school is a
cognizable offence:
The parents are bound to send children to
schools (Section 3)
If

they

fail,

they

are

liable

to

fi ne

or

imprisonment which may extend to one week

or with both (Section-6)
34

PUNJAB FREE AND COMPULSORY

EDUCATION ORDINANCE-2014
Section 3(1)

Every child shall have a right

to free and compulsory education from class

1 to 10
Section 9(3)

If a parent fails to admit and

keep the child in a school, he may not be

entitled to any subsidy or poverty targeted
support of the government
35

REASONS OF FAILURE OF
PREVIOUS ENACTMENTS
Not implemented in letter and spirit
Resources

not

provided

to

ensure

implementation
No incentives against opportunity cost
Low quality education with limited relevance
to job market
Only

6%

of

Pakistanis

aware

of

their

constitutional right to free and compulsory

36

ANALYSIS
Article 25-A, not a comprehensive legislation

Lacks universal coverage

Focuses on primary education & NER but not

link

literacy rate

As determined by law gives an open choice to

implement or delay

Legislation in pursuance of Article 25-A:

Carries no punitive force

Provides no opportunity cost to the parents

37

ANALYSIS
Most

legislations

silent

about

imparting

literacy to millions of adults

Even after the abolition of school fees and
provision of free textbooks, over 2.3 million
children (5-14 yrs) are not in schools.
Current budgetary trend requires 37 years
to achieve the UPE and Universal Literacy
38

ANALYSIS
Inadequate allocations for literacy of adults
& youth (0.7% of the ADP of Punjab 2014-15)
will

be

achieve

required
100%

over
literacy

three

decades

rate (P&D

to

Departm ent,

Government of the Punja b)

All these alarming fi gures call for concrete

steps to be taken
39

CONCLUSIONS
Article 25-A or subsequent enactments on
education are not suffi cient to ensure Right
To Education to every citizen without:

Universal coverage

Political will and commitment

Financial & human resources

Appropriate plans

Innovative educational models

40

CONCLUSIONS
State alone can not achieve the target of
literacy rate without active role of:

Community

Civil society

Private & corporate sector

Media

41

RECOMMENDATIONS
Legislations

on

education

need

to

be

elaborate
Human & Financial resources
Medium & Long term plans
Literacy as a movement
Multi Sectoral approach
Skill based & value added curriculum
42

RECOMMENDATIONS
Opportunity cost to parents & learners
Involvement of all stakeholders including

Civil society

Deeni madaris & religious leaders

Private sector

Media

Innovative Educational models

43

THANK YOU

SCOPE OF 25-A
67% population of Pakistan is not covered under
Article 25-A

10%
23%

67%

NIPS population projections

2013

0-4 years (18 m)

5-16 years (40.7
m)

BACK

Out of School Children

UNE SCO EFA G lobal Monitoring Repor t 2012

Bac
k

SITUATION ANALYSIS: PUNJAB

Age group-wise share of target illiterates

No. of illiterate/OOS population (million)

13.57

8
5.33
3.69

3.54

47
(NIPS Projections 2013, PSLM Survey 2013, MICS 2011)