THE HEART

WHEN BREATHING AND

CIRCULATION STOP:

WHEN BREATHING AND

CIRCULATION STOP:
0 to 4 minutes BRAIN DAMAGE

NOT

LIKELY

4 to 6 minutes BRAIN DAMAGE

LIKELY!

CLINICAL DEATH

WHEN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN DEPRIVED

OF OXYGENATED BLOOD:

6 to 10 minutes irreversible BRAIN

DAMAGE PROBABLE

10 minutes or more irreversible BRAIN

DAMAGE CERTAIN

Normal Respiration
Rates
Adults

12 to 20 breaths/min
Children 15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min

BIOLOGICAL DEATH

FIRST AID IS:

FIRST AID IS:

To alleviate suffering
To prevent further injury
To prolong life

What is FIRST AID?

What is FIRST AID?

It is an immediate care
given to a person who
have been injured or
suddenly taken ill

 It includes self help

and home care when
medical assistance is
delayed or not available

ABCs of FIRST AID

C

CIRCULATION

AIRWAY

BREATHING

LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL

OF CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
BASIC

LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)

A B C steps now changed to
CA-B

C A B STEPS
C CHEST COMPRESSION
A AIRWAY OPENED
B BREATHING ASSISTED

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST

AIDER
To

ensure open airway and to

administer Artificial Respiration if
needed

To

control severe bleeding

To

check for injuries

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST

AIDER
To

immobilize the injured

To

arrange for transportation

To

avoid subjecting the victim to

unnecessary disturbance

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
FIRST AIDER:
OBSERVANT
Should notice all signs and symptoms

RESOURCEFUL
Should make the best use of things at

hand
GENTLE
Should not cause pain

ABCs of FIRST AID

A AIRWAY
Is the victim conscious or unconscious?

B BREATHING
Is the victim breathing?
Is it shallow or deep?
Does he appear to be choking?
Is he cyanotic?

C CIRCULATION
Is the victims heart beating?
Assess the pulse
Is he severely bleeding?

LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE

SUPPORT (ACLS)
D
DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS, DEFINITIVE
THERAPY
CARDIAC MONITORING
CARDIAC STABILIZATION

CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
EARLY ACCESS
EARLY CPR

(DIAL 117)
(BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)
EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
EARLY TRANSPORT TO HOSPITAL
EARLY ADVANCE CARE
(ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT)

CALL FOR MEDICAL

ASSISTANCE
What happened
Number of persons injured
Extent of injury and First aid
given
Telephone number from
where you are calling

EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
SURVEY THE SCENE
IS THE SCENE SAFE?
WHAT

HAPPENED?
HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INJURED?
ARE THERE BYSTANDERS WHO CAN
HELP?
IDENTIFY YOURSELF

GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY

CARE
Care for the most serious injuries first
Assist the victim with his or her prescribed

medications
Keep onlookers away from the injured
person
Handle the victim to a minimum
Loosen all tight clothing

GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY

CARE
Obtain consent, whenever possible
Think the worst
Call or send for help
Identify yourself to the victim
Provide comfort and emotional support
Respect the victims modesty and

physical privacy

WHAT NOT TO DO
First do no harm
Do not let the victim see his own injury
Do not leave the victim except to get

help
Do not assume that the victims
obvious injuries are the only ones

WHAT NOT TO DO
Do not make unrealistic promises
Do not trust the judgment of a

confused victim
Do not require the victim to make
a decision

INTERVIEW THE VICTIM

Introduce yourself
Get permission to give care
Ask the victims name
Ask what happened

CHECK THE VITAL SIGNS

Determine Respiratory rate and

type of breathing

Get the Pulse Rate

Get the Blood pressure

CHECK THE VITAL SIGNS

Determine the radial or carotid pulse
Look at the victims face and lips
Record skin appearance
Temperature,

moisture, colour

HEAD TO TOE
EXAMINATION

HEAD TO TOE
EXAMINATION
HEAD
Look

and feel for cuts and bruises

EYES
Check

and compare pupils

NOSE / EAR / MOUTH
Check for fluid and blood
NECK
Feel for injury

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION

COLLAR

BONE

Check and compare shoulders

CHEST

/ RIBS

Check for injuries

ABDOMEN
Check for tenderness

HIP

BONE

Press slowly, inward and upward

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION

LEGS
One at a time

ARMS
One at a time

SPINAL

COLUMN (BACK)

Press gently from cervical region to lumbar

region

EMERGENCY RESCUE AND

TRANSFER
DANGER OF FIRE OR EXPLOSION
DANGER OF TOXIC GASES
DANGER / HAZARD TO

VEHICULAR TRAFFIC
RISK OF DROWNING
DANGER OF ELECTROCUTION
DANGER OF COLLAPSING WALL

METHODS OF TRANSFER
ONE MAN ASSIST / CARRY /

DRAG
TWO MAN ASSIST / CARRY
CARRY USING STRETCHER

POINTERS TO BE OBSERVED
DURING TRANSFER
VICTIMS AIRWAY MUST BE

MAINTAINED OPEN
HEMORRHAGE IS CONTROLLED
VICTIM IS SAFELY MAINTAINED IN A

CORRECT POSITION

POINTERS TO BE OBSERVED
DURING TRANSFER
REGULAR CHECK OF THE VICTIMS

CONDITION IS MADE
SUPPORTING BANDAGES AND

DRESSINGS MUST REMAIN

EFFECTIVELY APPLIED

CARRIES USING A
STRETCHER

CARRIES ALONG SIDE

HAMMOCK CARRY
BLANKET CARRY
IMPROVISED STRETCHER
COMMERCIAL STRETCHER
AMBULANCE STRETCHER

RESPIRATORY ARREST
Occurs when breathing stops

but the heart continues to beat

for quite some time

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
Also known as RESCUE

BREATHING
Blowing air into and out of the lungs

of a person when his natural

breathing has stopped or insufficient

HEIMLICH MANEUVER

CARIOPULMONARY
RESCUCITATION

The NEW Chain of Survival

Early access: immediate recognition and activation

Early CPR
Early defibrillation
Early advanced care
Integrated post-cardiac arrest care

RESCUE BREATHING

RESCUE BREATHING

CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION

HAND PLACEMENT IN CPR

HAND PLACEMENT IN CPR

VENTILATION TECHNIQUE USING FACE

 THANK

YOU!