Chapter 2

Part B

Molecules and Molecular Compounds 2.6

Only rare gases (8A) naturally found as
isolated atoms
Rest of matter exists as

ions

molecules or

Chemical Formulas 2.6

Diatomic molecules:
H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Molecular Compounds 2.6

Compounds composed of molecules with
>1 type of atom
Most molecular substances composed of
non-metals

Chemical formula

Molecular and Empirical Formulas 2.6

Molecular formula: Chemical formula with
actual number of atoms in a molecule
Empirical formula: chemical formula with
relative number of each type of atom in a
molecule (smallest whole number
subscripts)
Molecular formula

Empirical Formula

C4H10

CH5

H2O

H2O

H2O2

HO

Structural Formula 2.6

2D:
Shows composition AND attachment of atoms
3D:
Perspective structural formula
Uses elemental symbols

Ball and stick structural formula

Different color = different atom

Space filing model

Different color = different atom

Ions and Ionic Compounds 2.7

Typically the nucleus (+ and ) is unchanged by
chemical reactions
Gain or loss of electrons (-) produces:
CATions + loss of electrons
ANions gain of electrons

Formation of a Cation 2.7

Na: atomic number 11 Na+: 11 protons and 10

electrons = loss of 1 electron

Formation of an Anion 2.7

Cl: atomic number 17 Cl-: 17 protons

and 18 electrons = loss of 1 electron

Generally 2.7
Metals - electron cations
Nonmetals + electron anions
Therefore ionic compounds are
m e tal :nonmetal
*Chemical properties of ions are very
different from chemical properties of parent
atom (just from the loss of a few charges)*

Why Do Atoms Ionize? 2.7

Atoms prefer to gain/lose electrons in
order to have the same amount of
electrons as their nearest noble (inert) gas
= stability!

Simple Ion Rules 2.7

Ionic Compounds 2.7

Cations + anions
Metal element + non-metal element
(Metal ion + non-metal ion)
Very strong chemical bond
Must be electrically neutral formula
Careful with charges and subscripts!

Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds

2.8
50,000,000 + chemical substances known!
Therefore only some have common names

Therefore we have a system for naming

*memorizing and naming PRACTICE are only

way*

Inorganic Compounds-Cations 2.8

1Cations: name of metal atom + ion
A. One cation only: Al3+ = aluminum ion
*Metals from groups IA, IIA, Al, Ag+ and Zn2+*

B. several cations: Fe2+ = iron (II) ion; ferrous ion

(different properties)Fe3+ = iron (III) ion; ferric ion
*typically transition metals*

Inorganic Compounds-Cations (cont) 2.8

C. cation formed from nonmetal atoms
NH4+ ammonium ion
H3O+ hydronium ion

Anions 2.8
2--anions:
(A. Mono and some polyatomic)
3

(B. Most polyatomic)

Oxyanions (cont) 2.8

3 O atoms

4 O atoms

Oxyanions (cont) 2.8

C. add H+ to oxyanion: add hydrogen to
anion name

Common Anions 2.8

Ionic Compounds 2.8

3. Ionic Compounds: cation name +
anion name
NaCl sodium chloride
AgNO3 silver nitrate

Acids 2.8
*recognize since typically contain H as first
element in compound*
* it is similar to an ionic compound with H+
as the cation joined to some anion*
1
2

Binary Molecular Compounds 2.8

* 2-element molecular compounds*
*naming is similar to naming ionic compounds*
RULES:
1element closest to metals is written first
*exception: compound contains O + Cl, Br or I?
O written last
Cl2O = dichlorine monoxide

2both elements in same group?

Lower one named first

3name of second element ends in ide

NF3 = nitrogen trifluoride

4Greek prefixes used to indicate number of atoms on each element (mono

not used with first element)
Cl2O = dichlorine monoxide

2.8

Organic Compounds 2.9

*Can contain C,H,O,N*
Alkanes: contain only H and C; simplest
class
1C:4other atoms

Organic Compounds (cont) 2.9

Alkane derivatives:
replace H with functional grp
OH=alcohol

Isomers: same chemical

formulas but different arrangements of atoms

Learning Goals
describe key experiments that led to the discovery of
electrons and the nuclear model of the atom
understand and explain Daltons atomic theory including
Law of Multiple Proportions
describe atomic structure
describe electrical charge and relative masses of +,
and
be able to use chemical symbols, atomic number and
mass number to express the subatomic composition of
elements and their isotopes
be able to calculate atomic weight from atomic masses
and isotope abundances
describe the organization of elements in the periodic
table, including:
periods and groups
metals, non-metals and metalloids
group names and characteristics

 explain how ions are formed and be able to

use the periodic table to predict the charges
of common ions
distinguish between molecular substances
and ionic substances
distinguish between molecular and empirical
formulas
be able to write molecular, structural and
ionic formulas as well as binary inorganic
compounds and acids from names and vice
versa
ID organic compounds and name simple
alkanes and alcohols