ELECTRIC MACHINES

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 Is a quadripole working in steady regime (AC) or pulse regime

which transform the effective values of the electric current or the
electric voltage by using the electromagnetic induction phenomenon.
Is also an electromagnetic static machine.
It contains a core whereon are placed 2 windings (primary with N1
turns and secondary with N2 turns, crossed by electric currents i1(t)
and i2(t) and having between the terminals the voltages u1(t) and
u2(t).
Transformers working in steady regime are classified as follows:
- without ferromagnetic core (with air), used at high frequencies when
the ferromagnetic core losses could become too high decreasing too
much its working efficiency. The windings are differential coupled
through a mutual inductance. This type is used in radiotechnics (by
electromagnetic coupling between different amplifier stages), for
galvanic insulation of the circuits (between the power part and the
command part) and for pulses synchronization needed in order to
command semiconductor components.
- with ferromagnetic core, used at low frequency and medium
frequency. The windings are placed on a ferromagnetic core and thus
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ensure a tight magneticEnergetic
coupling,
a convenient transmission
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efficiency. Because the ferromagnetic core has a non-linear

Examples of different cores of the transformers

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Transformer without magnetic core (with air)

This device is characterized by 2 equations concerning the voltages
in the primary winding and respectively in the secondary winding, see
the figure bellow:

di1 t
di2 t
u1 t R1 i1 t L11
L12
dt
dt
di1 t
di2 t
u2 t R2 i2 t L12
L22
dt
dt

Zs is the charge impedance.

This equations system could also be written in the simplified
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complex domain:
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Z1 = R1 + jL11 the impedance of the primary winding,

Z2 = R2 + jL22 the impedance of the secondary winding
ZM = jL12 the impedance of the differential coupling

U1 Z1I1 Z M I 2
U1 Z1 I1 Z M I 2

U 2 Z M I1 Z 2 I 2
0 Z 2 Z s I 2 Z M I1

U2 ZsI2

I1
Z Zs
2
I2
ZM
U1
Z1I1 Z M I 2

U2
Z M I1 Z 2 I 2

The ratio of the primary electric current and the secondary electric
current and the ratio of the similar voltages depend on charge
impedance, Zs, which is the most important disadvantage of this
transformer. Taking into consideration the equations above, it could
be drawn the specific phasor diagramme of this transformer. It is
suppose to know the charge impedance, its voltage and the
parameters of the primary winding and of the magnetic coupling.
The final result of the diagramme is the voltage U1, considering the
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voltage U2 as phase origin.

 U 1 R1 I 1 jL11 I 1 jL12 I 2

jL12 I 1 U 2 R2 I 2 jL22 I 2

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The active power balance of these transformers is:

I 1 I1 e j

j
j
I 2 I 2 e I 2 I 1 * I1 I 2 e
1

2
1

S U I*

S 1 U 1 I 1* R1I12 jL11 I12 jL12 I1I 2 cos j sin

P1 R1 I12 L12 I1 I 2 sin R1 I12 P

U 2 I 2 * S 2 P2 jQ2 R2 I 22 jL22 I 22 jL12 I1I 2 cos j sin

P2 R2 I 22 L12 I1 I 2 sin R2 I 22 P
P1 R1 I12 P2 R2 I 22

The last equation is the active power balance and shows that the active power
provided by the power source to the transformer is equal with the sum of the losses
power on the primary and secondary resistances of the windings and the power
transfered to the charge impedance connected on the secondary winding, P2.
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The transformer with ferromagnetic coil

The layout of the windings on the ferromagnetic core has
two purposes:
-to achieve a tight magnetic coupling between the primary
and secondary windings so that the most part of the field lines
crossing the turns of the primary winding will cross also the
turns of the secondary winding. In such way the dispersion
magnetic flux which determine the losses is minimum.
-to achieve a minimum of the magnetomotive force of the
windings.

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The primary winding is supplied with a sinusoidal voltage, so will be

crossed by
a sinusoidal
current with
which ferromagnetic
will produce a magnetic
The
transformer
coil field
and consequently a magnetic flux through the primary winding
having N1 turns. This magnetic flux, time variable, will close its field
lines through the air and the turns of the secondary winding.
Because of the electromagnetic induction law, an induced
electromotive voltage e2 will be produced in the secondary winding
which will produce an electric current i2 through the charge
impedance Z2, so a drop voltage u2 between its terminals.
This transformer is characterized by 3 equations, the third one
resulting from the balance of the magnetomotive forces.
Notations: 1 total magnetic flux corresponding to the primary
winding, 2 total magnetic flux corresponding to the secondary
winding, 1 - magnetic flux on one spire of the primary winding, 2
- magnetic flux on one spire of the secondary winding, d1
dispersion magnetic flux on one spire of the primary winding, d2
dispersion magnetic flux on one spire of the secondary winding, Ld1,
Ld2 dispersion inductances defining dispersion reactances Xd1, Xd2;
0= 12+ 21 magnetic flux on one wire that closes exclusively
through the core (the main magnetic flux); i0 idle running current;
Energetic Systems in Offshore
Fmm magnetomotive force; Industry
Rm magnetic reluctance; n9

For a convenient efficiency of the transformer the idle

electric current must be minimum. This supposes a
minimum magnetic reluctance, so a core with important
values of the magnetic permeability and a section as
large as possible. At the same time the construction of
the transformer must ensure minimum values of the
dispersion inductances and of the winding resistances
(made by copper). The section of the conductors must be
important
and
the
balance
equation
of
the
magnetomotive forces becomes:
N1i10 N1i1 N 2i2
i2
N1
u1
N1

N
i

N
i

11
2 2
i10 0
i1
N2
u2
N2

Taking into consideration the working equations of the

transformer with ferromagnetic coil and the ratio values
U2, R2 and Ld2 , it is obtained a final system with three
equations. Based on these equations it could be
constructed the phasor diagram of the transformer with
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ferromagnetic coil: Industry

 e1 u1 R1i1

d1

e2 u2 R2i2
u1 R1i1

d1

dt
e

1
d2
dt
u2 R2i2

d
dt
e2 2

dt

N1i10 N1i1 N 2i2

N1i10 N1i1 N 2i2

1 N11 N10 N1 d 1
d1
d0
di1

L
1
d1

2 N 2 2 N 20 N 2 d 2
dt
dt
dt

d2
d0
di2
N

L
i

1
d
1
d
1
1

N2
Ld 2

dt
dt
dt

N 2 d 2 Ld 2i2
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U 1 R1 I 1 jLd 1 I 1 jN1 0

N1
N
N N
N N
1 U 2 R2 1 1 I 2 ' jLd 2 1 1 I 2 ' jN1 0
N2
N2
N2 N2
N2 N2
1
N
N1 I 10 N1 I 1 N 2 I 2
I 10 I 1 2 I 2 I 1 I 2 '
N1
N1

U 2 R2 I 2 jLd 2 I 2 jN 2 0

N1
N N
N N
U 2 U 2 '; R2 1 1 R2 '; Ld 2 1 1 Ld 2 '
N2
N2 N2
N2 N2
U 1 R1 I 1 jLd 1 I 1 jN1 0
jN1 0 U 2 ' R2 ' I 2 ' jLd 2 ' I 2 '
I 10 I 1 I 2 '

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The phasor diagram

ferromagnetic coil

of

the

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transformer

with

13

Three-phase circuits
The phase is a circuit composed by generator, connection conductors
and receiver, working in sinusoidal steady regime. Because the
sinusoidal signals could be easier obtained when several phases are
associated, there are achieved poly-phase signals characterized by
the same frequency of all signals.
If more signals have the same frequency, the same amplitude and
equal phase shifts, then they form a symmetrical polyphase system.
The most used example
the
system:
t three-phase

a (t ) A issin

m1

a 2 (t ) Am 2 sin t 2
a (t ) A sin t
m3
3
3

a) If Am1 = Am2 = Am3 = Am i 1 - 2 = 2 3 = 3 - 1 =2/3, then the

signals a1(t), a2(t), a3(t) form a direct symmetric three-phase system:

A1 Am e j 1
a1 (t ) Am sin t 1
2

j ( 1 )
2

3
a2 (t ) Am sin t 1
A2 Am e
3
4

j ( 1 )
3
4

A3 Am e
a3 (t ) Am 3 sin t 1

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A1 A2 A3 0 a1 a2 a3 0
2
3

1
ae
j
2
4
j
1
2
a e 3 j
2

a3 e

6
3

3
2
3
a a2 a3 0
2

A1 a e j 1

A2 e

A3 e
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2
3

4
3

a e j 1 a 2 A1
a e j 1 a A1

15

b) If Am1 = Am2 = Am3 = Am i 1 2 = 2 3 = 3 1 = - 2/3, then

the signals a1 (t), a2 (t), a3 (t) form an inverse symmetrical threephase system and the phases succeed in counterclockwise:

A1 A2 A3 0 a1 a2 a3 0
c) If Am1 = Am2 = Am3 = Am and 1 2 = 2 3 = 3 1 = 2, then
the signals a1 (t), a2 (t), a3 (t) form a homopolar symmetrical threephase system:

A1 A2 A3 Am e j 1 Am e j ( 1 2 ) Am e j ( 1 4 )
A1 A2 A3 3 A1 0
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They are defined the following threephase

systems
of current
voltages:
Connexion of the polyphase nets.
Signal
systems
inand
these
nets
-if1, if2, if3 phase currents crossing each
impedance
of
the
circuit,
from
generator to receiver;
-u1, u2, u3 phase voltages to
receivers, produced by the phase
currents;
- u1, u2, u3 phase voltages at
generators.
The phase currents of the circuit and
the phase voltages between the
terminals are associated to the rules of
the generators. If the phases are
different, then must be used 6
conductors with similar cross-section. If
they are connected together the
begining of the phase of the generator
and the end of the phase of the
receiver, there are obtained two null
points, called N and N. It appears that
the 3 back wires can be replaced by
one single conductor with reduced
section
or the conductor can be 17even
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eliminated. A such connexion is called

If there is no neutral conductor between N and N, then INN =0 and

Il1+ Il2 + Il3 =0.
They could be defined the lines voltages u12, u23 i u31. Their sum
is equal to zero:

u12 u1 u2

u23 u2 u3
u u u
3
1
31

If the system of the phase voltages is direct symmetric and the

receiver is symmetric, Z 1=Z2 =Z3 =Z, then the following expressions
could be written:

U 1 ' U 1 ' , U 2 ' a 2 U 1 ' , U 3 ' aU 1 ' U l 3 U f

Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z
I l I f

U 12 U 1 U 2 U 1e

U 23 a 2 U 12 3 U f e

U 31 aU 12 3 U f e

Z Ze j

5
6

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compose three-phase symmetric systems. The system of the line

voltages is phase shift with / 6 before the system of the phase
voltages. For the calculation of the instantaneous power of the
system there are used the voltages and the currents of the system as
following:

u1 U m sin t u
i1 I m sin t u

2
2

U
sin

,
i

I
sin

m
u
2
m
u
3
3

u U sin t 4
i I sin t 4

m
u
3
m
u
3

3
3

p(t ) p1 t p2 t p3 t u1 i1 u2 i2 u3 i3 3U I cos
It could be observed
that the instantaneous power is time
independent, the system is balanced and U and I are the phase
signals. The active power and the reactive power take the following
values:

P 3Pf 3U f I f cos 3U l I l cos

Pf U f I f cos

Q U I sin
Q 3Q f 3U f I f sin 3U l I l sin
f f
f

U
I
S 3S f 3U f I f 3U l I l
f
f
f

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 I l1 I l 2 I l 3 0

u12 u23 u31 0

ul u f

il 3 i f

I l1 3 I f e

j
6

I l 2 a I l1 3 I f e

I l 3 a I l1
2

j
6

Pf U f I f cos P 3U f I f cos 3 U l I l cos

Q 3U f I f sin 3 U l I l sin

S 3U f I f 3 U l I l

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An induced electromotive voltage could

be obtained by rotating a conductor
turn (spire) in a homogeneous magnetic
field. The turn is crossed
by the
magnetic flux with the maximum value
m, obtained when the magnetic field
lines are perpendicular to the plane of
the coil:

cos
m cos t

e
t

dt
e m sin t e Em sin t

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Synchronous machine

Industrial synchronous generators working in AC are based on the

principle of the induced electromotive voltage (described on the
previous slide). Their structure is different and is composed by:
-a rotor R having placed on its poles the inductive winding,
supplied in DC;
- a stator S having inserted in its gaps the induced winding which
could be monophase or three-phase.
When the rotor is rotating, being mechanically driven by a motor,
and the inductive winding is supplied, in the turns of the induced
winding is produced by electromagnetic induction an
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electromotive voltage with a periodic
sinusoidal evolution.
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Synchronous machine

The electromotive voltage has its period when the rotor is

rotating with the angle equal to the double of the polar
step.
If the rotor has p pole pairs, then for a complete rotation
of the rotor the electromotive voltage covers p periods.
If the speed of the rotor is n [rot/sec], then the frequency
of the electromotive voltage is f = n p showing that its
value is directly proportional with the speed of the
generator. For this reason the name of this machine is AC
synchronous generator.

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The rotating magnetic field

The magnetic rotating fields could be produced by three-phase

systems of the electric currents and underlying the operation of the
rotating electric machines. These machines have been made firstly
by G. Ferrari (1884) and the first polyphase engine (a two-phase
one), based on the rotating magnetic field, was achieved by N. Tesla
in 1888. These magnetic fields could be classified:
- with rotating vector of the magnetic induction;
- with rotating radial division.
The theorem of Leblanc: any alternative magnetic field is resulted
from superposition of 2 circular rotating fields having the amplitude
Bm /2 and contrary rotating with angular velocity .
Circular rotating magnetic fields could be ensured by 2 identical
coils placed in perpendicular planes with a common axis and
crossed by electrical currents with the same frequency but with a
quadrature phase shift (for example the monophase machines with
auxiliary phase).
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e rotating magnetic field

I
sin

1
m
B

B
sin

t
1

I
sin(

)
2
m
B2 Bm cos t

2
Bm

Bx B1 Bm sin t

tg tgt Bx

B y B2 Bm cos t

By
d
t ;

dt

In these conditions it is produced an equivalent field with constant

amplitude and angular velocity equal to the angular frequency
through the coil, which is rotating clockwise and increases the
angle.
If the sense of the electric current through one of the coils is
inverse, then the angular velocity becomes and the equivalent
Energetic Systems in Offshore
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rotating field changes its
rotation in counterclockwise.
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magnetic field with rotating vector of the magnetic in

The end effect is neglected
and it is assumed that the
coils are placed close
enough to origin (the point
0).

i1 I m sin t i1
2

I
sin

2
m
i1
3

I
sin

m
i1
3
3

0
1 1

0
2 2

0
3 3

B1 k n i

B2 k n i

B3 k n i

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26

k is a coefficient of proportionality. Each of the magnetic fields having

the amplitudes B1, B2 or B3 is an alternating magnetic field. We are
interested by the equivalent value obtained in origin.

B1 kI m sin t i1
2

B2 kI m sin t i1
3

kI
sin

m
i1
3
3

B2 B3

B
cos

B
cos

1
2
3
1

x
3
3
2
B B1 B2 B3
B y B2 cos B3 cos 3 B3 B2

6
6
2

2
2
3
3
Bx B1 kI m sin t i1 B Bx B y kI m

2
2
2

Bx
3
arctg t i1
By kI m cos t i1
By

2
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By superposing the magnetic fields in the origin 0 is obtained a

rotating magnetic field with an amplitude of 50 % bigger than the
amplitude of each alternative magnetic field, which uniformly
rotates with the angular velocity of the electric currents.
The extremity of the magnetic induction B describes a circle into
x0y plan. Consequently it was obtained a circular rotating magnetic
field.
If the three-phase currents system is non-symmetrical or the electric
currents through the coils are not phase shift with 2 / 3, then the
rotating magnetic field is elliptic.
If into the symmetrical system there is inversed the order of the
coils (coil 2 changed with coil 3), then in origin point 0 it is produced
a magnetic induction B, characterized by:

B ' x Bx
B' B

B
'

B
y
y
'

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28

In this way is produced a rotating magnetic field which keeps its

amplitude and the angular velocity, but with opposite sense.
If for the same symmetrical system is maintained the order of the
coils and is changed the sense of the electrical current through the
coil 1, then is produced an elliptic rotating field having the magnetic
induction B:

Bx
1
2

B
'
'

kI
sin

2 2
x
m
i
1
B
'
'

k Im
y
2
3
2
B' ' x

3
9
4
B' ' y B y kI m cos t i1
2

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The rotating electric machines are built from 2 coaxial ferromagnetic

Rotating
magnetic
rotating
radial
division
cylinders separated
by an field
air gap.with
The exterior
cylinder,
called stator,
is
fixed and the interior one, called rotor, is moving. If in the stator slots is
placed a winding crossed by an electric current and composed by
insulated conductor bars, having connections with the frontal parts of
the stator, then the surface bounded by the circuit of the winding will
be crossed through a magnetic field having the field lines which close
through the stator, the air gap and the rotor. The areas where the field
lines enter and leave the stator could be considered as poles (N and S)
of the stator magnetic field. Where inside the slots is placed one
winding, then we obtain p = 1. If inside the slots are placed two
windings with a phase shift of / 2, then we obtain a magnetic field
with four poles (p = 2). Because of the important value of the magnetic
permeabilities for the stator and the rotor, the field lines into the air gap
are perpedicular to this one. In this case the magnetic field is circular.
When is scrolled through the air gap, the magnetic field B takes
minimum or maximum value on the neutral axis, which is the axis
passing through the middle of the polar step. This
p 1 isTperiodic
2 parameter
p 2
Tp

with Tp.

T
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p 2 Tp

2
p
Tp
30

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31

In order to obtain then spatial distribution of the magnetic induction B they are
conducted the circumferences of the stator and of the rotor. An uniform distribution of
conductors involves trapezoidal spatial distributions of magnetomotive force and also
of the magnetic induction. The lines of the magnetic field are closing around the
conductors passed by the electric currents and are symmetrically distributed from the
middle of each side of the coil width. The field lines have opposite sense from each
side of the neutral axis.
Taking in consideration infinite values of the magnetic permeabilities of the stator and
of the rotor and applying the Ampere's theorem, it is obtained the magnetic induction
into a point placed to the distance x from the neutral axis (where is the length of the
air gap, N number of the turns of the coil and b the width of the coil):

x
Ni x
l B d l 0 Sl 2Bx 0 N i b Bx 0 2 b

For the points placed on the side of the coil x = b and the magnetic induction becomes:

Ni
2
If / 2=Tp / , then bp = 2 / 3, the third harmonics and the multiples of 3 are missing
from the spectrum of the magnetic induction. Its spatial division is close from a
sinusoidal signal.
B 0

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Energetic Systems in Offshore

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33

B B0 sin p

where is the spatial angular variable and the initial phase. If the magnetic
induction is produced by a sinusoidal current, then it will have also a sinusoidal time
evolution:

i I m sin t i B0 Bm sin t i
B Bm sin p sin t i
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34

The time evolution of the magnetic induction corresponds to an alternative radial field.
The analytical expression of the magnetic induction is similar to a stationary wave
having the antinodes at the poles position and the nodes at the position of the poles
axis.
There is considered that into the stator slots are placed 3 identical windings having
phase shifted with 2 / 3 and crossed by a three-phase system of electric currents. The
values of the magnetic inductions produced by the three-phase system of currents are:

B1 Bm sin t i1 sin p

2
2

sin p

B2 Bm sin t i1
3
3

4
4

B3 Bm sin t i1 3 sin p 3

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B , t B1 B2 B3
3
B , t Bm cos t p i1
2
The resultant value of the magnetic induction is not anymore a stationary wave, bu a
progressive wave, spatial distributed after a sinusoidal law. This wave is moving into
the air gap with a constant speed which could be calculated with formula:

d
t p i1 cst. dt p d 0 0
p dt
By superposing the three radial alternative magnetic fields is obtained a radial magnetic
field with rotating spatial distribution. It rotates with the angular velocity 0 called
synchronous speed. This field could be obtained inside the air gap of a three-phase
electric machine with 2 poles, being provided by three identical windings placed inside
the slots of the stator, spatially shifted with 2 / 3p and crossed by a symmetrical threephase system of the electric currents.
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Energetic Systems in Offshore

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37

Three-phase asynchronous induction machine

For the study of the spatial distribution of the magnetic induction B it is
considered the circumferences development of the stator and of the rotor. The
stator winding is the inductor of the machine and is supplied from a three-phase
symmetric net. The rotor winding is the induced of the machine. The threephase symmetric system of the electric currents produces into the air gap a
magnetic field with a radial rotating distribution. This magnetic field rotates with
respect to the conductor with the angular velocity 0.
Electromotive forces are induced by electromagnetic induction into the winding
of the rotor, placed in a rotating magnetic field of the stator. The electromotive
forces produce electric currents providing alternative magnetic fields, because
the stator winding is usually in shortcircuit. The result of these magnetic fields
into the air gap is a rotating magnetic field corresponding to the rotor.
There is a tendency to keep invariable the values of the magnetic fluxes
through the rotor windings surfaces.
But because the rotor has only one degree of freedom it will result its rotation in
the same direction with the same angular velocity as the rotating field of the
stator.
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38

Three-phase asynchronous induction machine

In this way could be explained the aperance of the shaft torque and
thus the operation of this machine as a motor.
In fact, due to losses and the load, the rotor rotates at a rotational
speed less than the synchronous value:

0
The relative difference of the two speeds is assessed using a
parameter called synchronous motor slip:

0
s
; s 0,1 ; s %
0
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Energetic Systems in Offshore

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40

When the machine is starting the motor slip is s =1. When the electric machine reaches
synchronism, = 0 and s = 0. In this situation the electromagnetic induction
phenomenon is stopped and the shaft torque is zero.
At angular velocities lower than the synchronous value, inside the rotor winding are
induced electric currents having the next angular frequency:

r p 0 sp 0 s

The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field relative

to the rotor is:

r s
r '

s 0
p
p

To determine the angular velocity of the field relative to the stator

must be taken into account the relative velocity between the stator
and rotor, :

r r ' s 0 s 0 1 s 0 0

Therefore the rotating magnetic fields of the stator and of the rotor of an
asynchronous three-phase induction machine are rotating in the same direction and
with the same angular velocity, independently of the angular velocity of the rotor.
Their common velocity is that one corresponding to the synchronism of the
machine .
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41

If the stator winding is supplied from a three-phase net and the rotor
is mechanically driven in meaning of the stator rotating field at a
speed higher than synchronous value ( > 0), then the electric
machine behaves as an asynchronous generator with the motor slip s
<0.
If the stator winding is supplied from a three-phase net and the rotor
is mechanically driven in opposite meaning of the stator rotating field
(sign = - sign 0), then the electric machine behaves as an
asynchronous brake with the motor slip s >1.
In three-phase circuits containing rotating electrical machines, such
as three-phase induction machine, direct impedance is different from
the reverse impedance. For nominal working regime when is applied
a direct symmetric system of voltages to the stator windings, the
magnetic rotating field of the stator and the rotor are rotating in the
same sense. The rotation velocity of the rotor is usually smaller with
1,5 4 % comparative with the rotating magnetic field of the stator,
because of the motor slip. The motor behaves differently if it keeps
the same sense as in previous case (being mechanically engaged by
another motor, for example) and the stator windings are supplied
from an inverse symmetrical system of voltages. In this case the
rotating magnetic field of the stator will rotate with the same angular
Energetic Systems in Offshore
velocity as in previous case,
but the
sense of rotation is opposite.42
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the stator relative to the rotor will be almost the double of the
angular velocity of the same magnetic field relative to the stator
and much bigger than the relative velocity relative to the rotor in
nominal conditions of functioning (when the stator windings are
supplied from a direct symmetric system of voltages).
Because of this the amplitudes of the induced currents in the rotor
winding will be much higher. Taking into consideration the principle
of electromagnetic inertia, these currents will produce magnetic
fields which will decrease the rotating magnetic field of the stator in
a more important manner that in any nominal working regime.
This contributes to reduce the electromotive force induced by the
rotating magnetic field of the stator and consequently, considering
Ohm's law, (e+u=ri), will result an increase in the amplitudes of the
stator currents.
At equal values of the amplitude and of the frequency of the
symmetrical direct and reverse applied voltage of the stator winding
and at the same angular velocity, the direction of rotation of the
rotor in both cases being the same, the electric currents of the
reverse succession appears to be more intense than the one of
direct succession. Consequently the opposite motor impedance of
the currents reverse system is less than the opposite impedance of
in Offshore
the currents direct system:Energetic
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d.

These are: the velocity evolution function of the useful power, n (P2),
mechanical
characteristics
thepower,
asynchronous
the slip evolution
function of the of
useful
s (P2), the mach
shaft
torque evolution function of the useful power, M (P2), the yield
evolution function of the useful power, (P2), the power factor
evolution function of the useful power, cos 1 (P2), the absorbed
electric current evolution function of the useful power, I1 (P2), the
absorbed primary power evolution function of the useful power, P1
(P2), established in normal conditions. The supply voltage and the
frequency of the supply voltage are constant (U1 = ct. = U1N , f1 = ct.
= f1N). The additional resistance of the rotor winding is zero, R2s = 0,
in the case of the asynchronous motors with wound rotor motor. In
the next figure all these characteristics are shown, in the case of an
asynchronous motor with squirrel cage (nominal power of 50 kW).
The dependence of n = f (P2) has a similar shape with n = f (M),
(represented in the previous figure only the portion corresponding to
the slid range of 0 sk).
The analysis of this dependence shows a little decrease of the speed
for an increasing load, so this dependence is rigid.
The shape of the energy efficiency characteristic is similar to the
characteristic of the transformer.
The nominal values of this
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efficiency are from 0.85Industry
to 0.9 for average power machines. These

e mechanical characteristics of the asynchronous mac

Power factor characteristic, cos 1 = f(P2), has a similar feature to the
yield allure.
Because asynchronous motor absorbs reactive power for
magnetization, the power factor is always below unit.
The operating characteristics of the induction motor can be
determined either by direct charging, changing the charge between 0
1,2 PN, or by a synthetic method. The first of these, although
involving high energy consumption, it is more accurate.
For direct charging it is assumed that are known mechanical losses,
pmec, the ventilation, v, and iron losses, pFe, separated by an idle test
and also the measured resistance R1 at warm.
It is measured for each charge the load consumption P1, the electric
current I1 and the motor slip s and is applied the formula:

P1
cos 1
m1U1 I1
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Energetic Systems in Offshore

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The processing of the experimental data suppose the following steps:

-Subtracting from the power P1 of the power losses from the stator winding and the
iron losses, it is obtained the electromagnetic power PM and consequently the
mechanic torque M.
- Because the sliding parameter s is measured, the lossed from the rotor winding
could be calculated with formula pJ2 = s PM.
- Substracting from PM the losses termspJ2 and pmec+v it is obtained the useful power
P2 and the efficiency of the transformer:

P2

P1
Repeating the calculations for different loads, it is experimental determined the
working characteristics of the machine.

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