ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

MGIT

REVIEW ON
SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

DEFINATION
TRANSFORMER IS A STATIC DEVICE WHICH TRANSFERS
POWER
FROM ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER CIRCUIT WITHOUT
CHANGE IN FREQUENCY USUALLY WITH THE CHANGED VALUES OF
VOLTAGES & CURRENTS.

PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

BASED ON THE OPERATION

ABOUT

TRANSFORMER

A TRANSFORMER DOES NOT CHANGE THE FREQUENCY OF THE

SYSTEM, IT CAN BE TREATED AS CONSTANT FREQUENCY
DEVICE.
AS TRANSFORMER TRANSFERS SAME AMOUNT OF POWER FROM
ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER CIRCUIT , IT CAN BE TREATED AS
CONSTANT POWER DEVICE.
T/F IS A ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICE(IF
INTERNAL PROCESS IS CONSIDERED).
T/F CAN BE TREATED AS PHASE SHIFTING DEVICE SINCE IT
OFFERS DISPLACEMENT OF 180 BETWEEN TWO CIRCUITS.
T/F IS A SINGLY EXCITED DEVICE, SINCE IT REQUIRES ONLY ONE
EXTERNAL VOLTAGE SOURCE TO ENRGISE ANY NO. OF
WINDINGS PLACED ON ITS CORE.
AS THE AMOUNT OF FLUX IN THE ORE IS CONSTANT
IRRESPECTIVE OF POWER TRANSFER , IT CAN BE TREATED AS
CONSTANT FLUX DEVICE.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A
TRANSFORMER
A T/F IS WORKS BASED ON FARDAYS LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION PRINCIPLE.
WHEN EVER THERE IS A RELATIVE SPACE (OR) RELAITVE TIME
VARIATION BETWEEN MAGNETIC FIELD AND CONDUCTOR THE EMF
WILL BE INDUCED IN THAT CONDUCTOR

BASIC REQIUREMENTS TO GENERATE THE

EMF:
MAGNETIC FILED
SET OF CONDUCTORS
RELATIVE SPACE VARIATION(OR) RELAIVE TIME
VARIATION

METHODS TO GENERATE
EMF
RELATIVE SPACE
VARIATION(RSV) :
MAGNETIC FIELD ARE
STEADY(OR) TIME

RELAIVE TIME
VARIATION(RTV):
MAGNETIC FIELD -- TIME
VARYNG

INVARIANT.
SET OF CONDUCTORS ARE
BEING MOVED

SET OF CONDUCTORS--
STATIONARY
STATICALLY INDUCED EMF

DNAMICALLY (OR) MOTIONALLY

INDUCED EMF
EX: GENERATORS

EX: TRANSFORMERS

How Transformer works

Laminated
soft iron core
Output voltage
(a.c.)

Input
voltage
(a.c.)

Primary coil

Secondary
coil

EMF EQUATION OF A
TRANSFORMER
Let
N1 = Number of turns in primary windings.
N2 = Number of turns in second windings.
m = Maximum flux in the core in Webbers.
m

Bm.A,

f = Frequency of A.C input in Hz.

its zero value to maximum mvalue m

As shown in fig- The flux increasesdfrom
in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in T/4
dt seconds.
T
1
dt

Average rate of change of flux =

4f

CONT..
Now Rate of change of flux per turn means ,the induced e.m.f per turn In volts.
Average e.m.f /per turn = 4f m volt.
If flux m varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced .e.m.f is obtained by
multiplying the average value with form factor.
Form factor =r.m.s value / Average value =1.11
R.m.s value of e.m.f/turn = 1.11 4 f m = 4.44f m volt
Now R.m.s value of the induced e.m.f in the whole primary winding.
=( induced e.m.f/turn) .* number of primary turns
E1 = 4.44fN1 m(1)
E1 = 4.44fN1BmA.

(m= BmA)

Semelerly, r.m.s value of the e.m.f. induced in secondry is,

E2 = 4.44fN2 m
E2 = 4.44fN2BmA. (m= BmA)..(2)

CONT
Its seen from (1) and (2) that E1/N1=E2/N2= = 4.44f m. It means that e.m.f/ turn is the
same in both the primary and secondary windings.
SO in ideal Transformer on no-load, V1=E1 and E2=V2

VOLTAGE TRANSFERMATION RATIO:

equ (2) E2 4.44 fN 2 m N 2

equ (1) E1 4.44 fN1m N1

SO in ideal Transformer on no-load, V1=E1 and E2=V2

E2
V2
N2

K
E1
V1
N1
WHERE K IS CALLED VOLTAGE TRANSFERMATION RATIO CONSTANT

TRANSFORMER ON NO
LOAD

PRACTICLE T/F ON NO
LOAD

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS.
CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER
SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER
THESE TWO DIFFER BY THE MANNERTHE WINDINGS
WOUND AROUND THE MAGNETIC CORE.
INORDER TO REDUCE THE EDDY CURRENT LOSSES THE
CORE IS LAMINATED
INORDER TO REDUCE THE CORE LOSSES THE CORE S
MANUFACTURED FROM THE COLD ROLLED GRAIN
ORIENTED SHEET STEEL (C.R.G.O)
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WINDINGS EMPLOYED FOR
TRANSFORMERS
CONCENTRIC
INTERLEAVED
CONCENTRIC COILS ARE USED FOR CORE TYPE

T/F TYPES

Shell type T/F is used for LV

Core type T/F is used for HV
Toroid T/F are used for LV preferably in energy
conversion systems & for LED.

CONSTRUCTION OF A
TRANSFORMER CORE

CORE STAGGERING

SHELL TYPE T/F CORE

STAGGERING

CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER

STEPPED CORE

SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER

EFFECT OF LEAKAGE FLUXES IN THE

TRANSFORMER

P = net flux in window of primary

of secondary
lp = leakage flux of primary

S = net flux in window

ls = leakage flux of secondary

M = mutual flux
P =ECE
M441
+ lp

22

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A T/F WITH LAGGING PF

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A T/F WITH LEADING PF

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A T/F WITH UNITY PF

 AB AC AD

AB AC AD

GRAINS DIRECTION AT DIFFERENT

POINTS

EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN A T/F:

IN ORDER TO TRANSFER RESISTNCE FROM ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER SIDE THE

POWER LOSS SHOULD BE SAME.

SECONDARY TO PRIMARY:

I 22 R2 I12 R21
2
I
R21 22 R2
I1

R2
R
K2
1
2

R01 R1 R21
R01

R2
R1
K2

PRIMARY TO SECONDARY :

I R1 I R
2
1

2
2

2
1
2
2

I
1
R1
I

R1

R K R1
1
1

1
1

R02 R2 R

1
1

R02 R2 K R1
2

LEAKAGE FLUX IN A T/F

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A
TRANSFORMER

EQUIVALENT REACTANCE IN A
T/F:
IN ORDER TO TRANSFER REACTANCE FROM ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER
SIDE THE PER UNIT DROP SHOULD BE SAME.

SECONDARY TO PRIMARY:

I2 X 2
I1 X 12

E2
E1
X

1
2

X 01 X 1 X

I 2 E1

X2
I1 E2

X 12

X2
K2

1
2

X2
X 01 X 1 2
K

NOW TOTAL IMPEDANCE REFERRED TO PRIMARY SIDE IS :

Z 01 R012 X 012

PRIMARY TO SECONDARY :
I1 X 1
I 2 X 11

E1
E2
X

1
1

I1 E2

X1
I 2 E1

X 02 X 2 X

1
1

X 02 X 2 K 2 X 1

X 11 K 2 X 1
NOW TOTAL IMPEDANCE REFERRED TO SECONDARY SIDE IS :

Z 02 R022 X 022

EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A T/F

WITH SECONDARY PARAMETERS
REFERRED TO PRYMARY

APPROXIMATE EQUI CKT

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A T/F WITH

PRYMARY PARAMETERS REFERRED TO
SECONDARY

EFFECIENCY OF A T/F:
The ratio of power output to power input of a T/F is called its efficiency ().

GENERALLY EFFICIENCY CAN BE EXPRESSED IN

Due to the losses in a transformer, its output power is less than the input power.
Power output = Power input Total losses
Power input = Power output + Total losses = Power output + Pi + PCu

CONT..

WHERE

V2 I 2FL

IS CALLED VA RATING OF THE TRANSFORMER

EFFICIENCY OF A T/F AT ANY LOAD

IS GIVEN BY

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

IN A T/F:
During working of a transformer at constant voltage and frequency, its efficiency
varies with the load. Its efficiency increases as the load increases. At a certain load,
its efficiency becomes maximum. If the transformer is further loaded, its efficiency
starts decreasing.
To determine the condition of maximum
efficiency, let us assume that the power
factor of the load remains constant and
the secondary terminal voltage (V2) is
constant. Therefore, efficiency becomes
only a function of load current (I2).
For maximum efficiency

CONT..

Pi I R02
2
2

Pi Pcu

TO ACHIEVE THE MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY IN A T/F THE COPPER LOSSES

(VARIABLE LOSSES) SHOULD BE EQUAL TO IRON LOSSES(CONSTANT L
AT THAT CONDITION LOAD CURRENT IS GIVEN BY

I2

Pi
R02

ALL DAY EFFICIENCY

The ratio of output in watts to input in watts is called commercial efficiency of a
transformer.
. Distribution transformers are used for supplying lighting and general networks.
In Distribution transformers Core loss occurs through out the day.
Copper loss occurs only when they are loaded and hence is less important.
To judge their performance, all-day efficiency (or) operational efficiency is
calculated.
The all-day efficiency is defined by

The all-day efficiency is less than the commercial efficiency of a transformer.

CONSTRUCTIONAL & DESIGN

DEFFERENCES B/W POWER T/F &
D.T/F

POWER TRANSFORMER
> 33 KV
Consumers are not directly
connected

DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER

<33KV
Consumers are directly
connected

Load fluctuations are Less

Load Fluctuations are More

Fully loaded through out 24

hours

Loaded based on load cycle of

consumers

Cu losses & core losses takes

place

Cu losses load cycle of

consumer
& core losses takes place for 24
hrs

Cu loss are kept min while

designing

Core losses are kept min while

designing

CRGO steel

Amorphous steel

Specific weight less

Specific weight more

LOSSES IN A T/F
COPPER LOSSES

CORE LOSSES

EFFECT OF VOLTAGE &

FREQUENCY
ON CORE LOSSES

It is known that for a transformer,

V = 4.44 f m N = 4.44 f Bm A N
.. .

Bm (V/f)

Where
A = area
.......... For constant A and N

CONT
CONDITIONS

HYSTERISIS
LOSS
x
Wh Bmax
fv

wh f
v
cons tan t
wh Af
f
v
cons tan t
f
f is
Decreased

v is
Decreased

EDDDY
CURRENT
LOSS
2
2

CORE LOSS

We KBmax f t 2

We f

We Bf

Wi Wh We
Wi Af Bf

We Bv 2

v1.6
wi A 0.6 Bv 2
f

Hysteresis
losses
increases

Eddy current
Losses
Constant

As hysteresis
losses increases
core losses
Increases

Hysteresis
losses
Decreases

Eddy current
Losses
Decreases

wh A

1.6

v
f 0.6

Core losses
Decreases

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A T/F

THE CHANGE IN VOLTAGE FROM NO-LOAD TO FULL LOAD IS CALLED
VOLTAGE REGULATION

FOR LAGGING PF

VOLTAGE REGULATION
CURVE

KAPP VOLTAGE REGULATION

DIAGRAM

DRAWING ALGORITHM

In order to create the diagram it is necessary to know the equivalent

reactance X02 and resistance R02 of the transformer as referred to the
secondary side.
The following algorithm should be used:
Draw phasor OL representing secondary terminal voltage V2 on load.
Draw OX representing the phase of the secondary current at an angle 2 to
OL such that cos2 is the power factor of the load.
Draw phasor LM (I2 R02 - voltage drop on resistance referred to the secondary
side) parallel to OX, and then MN (I2 X02 - voltage drop on reactance referred
to the secondary side).
The resulting NL is the total voltage drop.
Transfer the impedance triangle NLM to OO'P which gives O'L = ON = 0V2.
Therefore, for given secondary current the locus of N is a circle with centre O
and radius 0V2, while the locus of L has the same radius but with the centre O'
To find the voltage drop on full load at any power factor the radius OQS
should be drawn at at angle to OX. If the impedance triangle is drawn in
position UQT then OU = OS. The length of QS represents the voltage drop