BMCT 2123

THERMODYNAMICS 1
CHAPTER 1
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Mr MOHD HAFIDZAL BIN MOHD HANAFI
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UTeM
[hafidzal@utem.edu.my]
[019-3921546]
[06-2346885]

What is
Thermodynamics?

Definition of THERMODYNAMICS (Greek)

Thermos = heat

Dynamos = power

Basic science that deals with energy. We all know

that energy is neither created nor destroyed but
it is transformed.

Science of energy

Classical
Statistical

Cont

Two ways to look at systems:

Macroscopic

Classical Thermodynamics

Atomic or Molecular
Statistical Thermodynamics

Types of form - energy

Macroscopic

a system posses as a whole

with respect to outside
reference frame
Example: potential energy &
kinetic energy

Microscopic

It related with the

molecular structure

the degree of
molecular activity

Dimensions & Units

Dimensions are names that characterize physical quantities.
Units are those arbitrary magnitudes and names assigned to
dimensions, which are adopted as standards for measurement.

Fundamental (Primary)
Time (s)
Mass (kg)
Length (m)
Temperature (deg. C)
Current (A)

Derived (Secondary)
Velocity (m/s)
Force (N)
Pressure (Pa)
Energy (J)
Frequency (Hz)

Prefixes

Weight vs. Mass

Mass is an amount of matter

Weight is a measure of how much
force is applied to the matter
Your mass is the same on the earth
and on the moon
Your weight is different!
We often are not careful to make a
distinction between mass and weight

F = ma

m is mass
a is acceleration
On the surface of the earth we
usually call the acceleration, g
g = 9.8 m/sec2
g = 32.174 ft/sec2

Weight on the surface of the earth

F=mg
In metric the units become
Kg m/sec2
N
(N x 0.2248) lbf
G universal
gravitational constant

Exercise!!!
A man at sea level has a mass of 63kg.Find:1. The man weight on earth (g)
2. The man weight on moon (g/6)

Solution:1. From Newton Law;

F = ma = m g=63 kg x 9.8 m/sec2 = 617.4 N

2. From Newton Law;

F = ma = m g=63 kg x 9.8 m/sec2 /6= 102.9 N

Systems

System
A quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study
Surrounding
The mass or region outside the
system
Boundary
The real or imaginary surface
that separate system and
surrounding
contact surface shared by both
system and surrounding

Cont
2 types of system:
Closed system

Open system

Closed System

Control mass (fixed amount of mass)

No mass transfer across boundary
Allow energy transfer across boundary
Volume Constant
Example: Piston system

Open System

Control Volume
volume fixed
Allow both mass and energy transfer across
boundary
Mass constant
Example : Pump , Compressor , Valve ,
Turbine

Energy = E

Macroscopic forms
Respect to some outside reference frame

Microscopic
Related to the molecular structure

Macroscopic Energy

Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE = mV2/2

Potential Energy (PE)

PE = mgz

Short Quiz
Calculate the P.E

60 kg

P.E = mgh
Use g = 9.81 m/s

= 60 kg x 9.81m/s2 x 2m
2 meter
= 1177.2 Joules

Other Kinds of Macroscopic Energy

Magnetic
Electrical
Surface Tension
These are specialized, and we dont
usually need to include them

Microscopic Energy

Kinetic energy of individual molecules

Potential energy of individual molecules
Binding forces
Chemical Energy
Nuclear Energy
Etc

Both macroscopic and microscopic

forms of energy are static they
can be stored in a system

E U KE PE
1
2
KE mV
2

PE mgz
1
2
E U mV mgz
2

Exercise

Determine the power required to

accelerated a 900 kg car from rest to a
velocity of 80 km/h in 20 s on a level
road

Ea =1/2 x m (V22 V12)

= (900kg)(80,000m/3600)2 - 0 2)( 1kJ/1000m2/s2)
=222kJ
Average power
a= Ea / t
= 222kJ / 20s = 11.1kW

Properties of a System

Intensive
Does not depend on the systems size
Temperature
Pressure

Extensive
Depends on the systems size
Volume
Mass
Total Energy

We often define properties in

terms of other properties

Density

= m/V

Specific Volume
v = V/m = 1/r

We can define most extensive

properties per unit mass

Called specific properties

u = U/m is the specific internal energy

State

A set of properties that describes the condition or

state of a system.

At a given state, all the properties of a system

have a fixed value

If you change a property, you have changed the

state

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states

Process

A change from one equilibrium state to

another

A path is the series of states the system

passes through during a process

We often deal with Quasi-equilibrium

processes

Process diagrams

The P-V diagram of a

compression process.

Cycle

When a system returns to its initial state.

P1

Process Path I

State 1
State 2

Process Path II

P2

Pressure

The force exerted by a fluid per unit area

Only meaningful for a gas or a liquid

In solids we talk about stress

Units of pressure
F
P
A

N
Pa 2
m

One Pascal isnt very much!!

1 atm = 101,325 Pa

1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 14.7 psi

Figure 1: Pressure characteristic

Pressure dont change in the horizontal direction,

but change in vertical direction.
Example :

P1 = P2 ,P2 P3 P2 P3

Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all

directions
Examples :

P a = Pb = Pc

Test your understanding

depth
pressure

Fig. 2: Pressure of a liquid at rest

Pressure in a fluid increase

as the depth increase

WHY???

Pressure
Atmosphere pressure
Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Vacuum pressure

Exercise
A pressure gage connected to a tank
reads 500 kPa at a location where the
atmospheric pressure is 94 kPa.
Determine the absolute pressure in the
tank.

Pgage = Pabs Patm

Devices to measure pressure

Bourdon tube
Barometer
Manometer

Barometer

P=gh
For a given barometer the density and
the acceleration due to gravity are
constants, so
Pressure is directly proportional to
height
Pressure is often measured in mmHg
1 atm = 760 mmHg

Barometer

F
P
gh
A
A

F mg ghA

m V hA
h

V hA
Note: The pressure
measured by a
barometer is
independent of cross
sectional area

Measure the atmospheric pressure

Volume of mercury at B is V = A h
Mass of mercury at B is m, = m/V
m = V = Ah
Weight of mercury at B is W, F = m a
W = m g = (Ah) g
Pressure produced at B = Patm
Patm = F/A = (Ah) g / A = gh
Patm = gh
Where,
: density of mercury
g : acceleration due to gravity
h : height of mercury above free surface

Exercise

If atmospheric pressure is 1.01325 bar,

what will be the right height of the
mercury?
Hg = 13 600 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s2
1 bar = 105 Pa

Patm = gh

Manometer

Used to compare pressures

A pressure measuring device that uses liquid as medium
(mercury, water, oil or alcohol)

Cont

In stacked-up fluid layers, the

pressure change across a fluid layer
of density and height h is gh.

Measuring the pressure

drop across a flow section
or a flow device by a
differential manometer.

Exercise

A manometer is used to
measure the pressure in
tank. The fluid used has a
specific gravity of 0.85,
and the manometer
height is 55 cm. If the
local atmospheric
pressure is 96 kPa,
determine the absolute
pressure within the tank.

Temperature
Measures the energy content of matter
(degree of hotness or coldness)
Difference in temperature causes heat
transfer from hot body to cold body until
thermal equilibrium is reached.
Absolute unit for T is Kelvin and Rankine.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two bodies are in equilibrium with a

third body, they are also in equilibrium
with each other
Basis for thermometers
1

If T1 = T3 & T2 = T3
THEN T1 = T2

Exercise
Air at a temperature of 350 enters an air
conditioning unit and is cooled at 20 0 at the
outlet from the unit. What is the temperature
difference between the inlet and the outlet in
(a) Celsius (b) Kelvin ?

THANK YOU
Q & A Session ???