Dipoles

Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole

1900MHz

78.95mm

800MHz

187.5mm

Dipoles

One dipole

multiple dipoles

Received Power=1mW

Received Power =4 mW

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Dipoles
Antenna
(down look)

Omnidirectional array

Sector antenna

Received Power 4mW

Received Power 8mW

10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBd

VSWR
forward: 10W
50 ohms
reverse: 0.5W

80
ohms

Return Loss=10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

0.5
10

1 1 0.2236
VSWR

1.576
1 1 0.2236

Biasanya: VSWR1.5
Koefisien Pantulan ( )=(VSWR-1)/
(VSWR+1)
Return Loss (RL)=-20lg

9.5 W

SWR Power Losses

All power fed into the line, minus the line
attenuation, is absorbed into the load
(antenna) regardless of the mismatch at
the antenna terminals
Line attenuation (loss) is the key factor in
determining losses due to mismatched
antennas (high SWR)

Beamwidth

10dB Beamwidth

3dB Beamwidth

Peak - 10dB

Peak - 3dB

60 (eg)

Peak

Peak - 3dB

120 (eg)

Peak

Peak - 10dB

Types of Antennas
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
Radiates power equally in all directions

Dipole antennas
Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi
antenna)

Parabolic Reflective Antenna

Antenna Design Considerations

Gain, SWR, Bandwidth, Front/Back ratio
are related and optimum values are not
achieved simultaneously for each
Does antenna have power going in
desired direction? Gain/Beamwidth

Antenna Installation Considerations

Safety
standard operating procedure priority
Grounding
lightning strikes
static charges
Surge protection
lightning searches for a second path to
ground

Antenna Installation
Considerations-contd
Adaptive array antenna placement
needs to be considered differently than
current technologies serving the mobile
environment. They need to be place so
they have a greater angular approach
to the receiving units. Existing tower
placement with close proximity to roads
and highways would need to be
reconsidered.

Antenna Installation Considerations

Base, mast, and supporting
structure needs clearance,
serviceability (access), and
complies with state, federal, and
municipal guidelines

Antenna sitting
Radio horizon
Effects of obstacles & structures nearby
Safety
operating procedures
Grounding
lightning strikes
static charges

Surge protection
lightning searches for a second path to ground

Length Calculations
The radiation pattern depends mainly on the length of the
antenna. The length of an antenna can be calculated using the
following equation, the velocity factor of wire is 95% compare
to air.

c
L k
f

where c is the speed of light

L is the length in meters
f is frequency in Hertz
and k is the velocity factor

Length Calculations
Example
It is required that an antenna of the half-dipole type
be built to receive broadcast at 100 MHz, calculate
the optimum length of the antenna.

Tinggi Efektif Antena

Tinggi efektif suatu antena menyatakan
tinggi minimal antena agar diperoleh daya
pancar optimum antena.

he

2 Rr Ae
Z0

4
G 2 Ae

Transmitting antenna equivalent circuit

Antenna
Transmitter

jXA

RG

VG

Generator

jXG

Rr
Rl

Transm. line

Radio wave

The transmitter with the transmission line is

represented by an (Thevenin) equivalent generator
The antenna is represented by its input impedance
(which is frequency-dependent and is influenced by
objects nearby) as seem from the generator
jXA represents energy stored in electric (Ee) and
magnetic (Em) near-field components; if |Ee| = |Em|
then XA = 0 (antenna resonance)
Rr represents energy radiated into space (far-field
components)
Rl represents energy lost, i.e. transformed into heat in
the antenna structure