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Transformer Classifications
Power Transformers
Generator Unit Transformer
Transmission Transformers
Sub-Transmission Subtraction Transformers
Distribution Transformer
Instruments Transformers
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
1.1 Definition:
Transformers :transfer electrical energy at system voltage to electrical
energy at the required voltage or higher voltage.
Instrument transformer
- Current transformers
- Voltage transformers
Self Cooling :
nh
Magnetic Circuit
The core, a magnetic circuit with a clamping
structure, is the part of the transformer in
which a magnetic field oscillates
The metallic composition of the core is a
special high grade silicon sheet steel.
A typical sheet of steel is 0.014 inches
(0.3mm) thick.
Windings
The primary and secondary windings include
clamping arrangements.
There are four types of coils or windings used on
core-type transformers, these having the following
designations:
Spiral type
Crossover type
Helical type
Continuous disc type
Tank Types
Bushings
Bushings are usually made of porcelain
The inside of the bushing may be oil,
paper, epoxy, or fiber glass.
Bushings serve to insulate the primary and
secondary windings from the tank
(ground).
Insulants or Coolants
Air, gas, oil, or synthetic liquid may be
used.
Tap-Changing Arrangement
Tappings can be used for the following
purposes.
Primary tappings to vary the primary voltage
Secondary tappings to vary the secondary
voltage
Primary tappings to compensate for
variations in the primary voltage
TRANSFORMERS
Definition :
Transformers can be defined as a static electric machine which converts electric
energy from one potential to another at the same frequency .
It can also be defined as consists of two electric circuits linked by a common variable flux.
Theory of operation :
The primary coil of the transformer is connected to a supply of sine wave
voltage . an alternating sine wave current will flow in the primary . thus
the primary m.m.f ( N.I ) will produce a common
flux ( g ) which is also alternating and in phase with the current according
to Faradays law the common flux interesting two coils will induce in
them an alternating e.m.f ( e1 , e2 ) .
N1d
e1 dt
e1
e2
e1
N1
K
e2 N 2
d
e1 - N 2
dt
Insulation System
Insulation system is made up of
Liquid coolant
Solid insulating materials
The life of the transformer depends
primarily on the life of this insulation
Insulation System
Insulation system consists of
The liquid insulants together with
The solid insulating materials around the
windings
The insulation system isolates the
transformer windings from each other and
from the ground.
Liquid Insulants
The insulating fluid serves three primary
purposes:
Provides dielectric strength
Provides sufficient cooling
Protects the insulation system.
Cooling in Transformers
No-load losses and load losses are the two
significant sources of heating considered in
thermal modeling of power transformers.
Load losses are the more significant source
of transformer heating, consisting of copper
loss due to the winding resistance and stray
load loss due to eddy currents in other
structural parts of the transformer.
Cooling System
Cooling System
Cooling Method
IEC Abbreviation
Natural Thermal
Head only
Air natural
ONAN
Air blast
ONAF
Forced Oil
Circulation by
Pumps
Air natural
OFAN
Air blast
OFAF
Water forced
OFWF
Insulation Class
Temperature Rise
(oC)
AN
60
AF
80
AN
150
ONAN
65
ONAF
65
OFAN
65
OFAF
65
OFWF
65
Transformer Connections
(Contd).
Probably the most important aspect of
connecting three sets of primary and
secondary windings together to form a
three-phase transformer bank is proper
winding phasing
The dots are used to denote polarity of
windings.
Transformer Maintenance
Three kinds of maintenance are normally
recognized:
Unscheduled maintenance- leads to inevitable
breakdown.
Ordinary maintenance repairs, adjustment and
replacement of parts shown to be necessary by
visual inspections made at irregular intervals:
Scheduled maintenance regularly scheduled
inspections and periodic dismantling or testing
of equipment to check every detail likely to
cause trouble.
Transformer Maintenance
(Contd)
The possibility of a fault occurring in a
transformer is NOT something remote.
In the light of this, the need to undertake
protective maintenance is obvious.
There are three types of protective
maintenance.
Protective Maintenance
Predictive maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Corrective maintenance
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance involves more
frequent monitoring (inspection and
testing) of critical equipment by location,
function and by operating environment.
Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance of transformers is an
integral part of an annual maintenance program.
It may involve monthly inspection, annual
energized testing of equipment (oil testing, gas-inoil analysis, infrared inspection), and deenergized biennial or triennial dismantling or
testing of equipment
To check every detail likely to cause trouble
(electrical insulation test, switchgear, and so forth)
Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance is concerned with
units which have shown some definite
warning signals (such as cloudy oil or
unusual odour).
When equipment performance begins to
tail off and the deterioration so recognized,
corrective maintenance is carried out to
pinpoint the causes.
D-1816
Cap 10
Maximum moisture
5
15
35
69
> 138
30
30
25
20
15
Condition
Dangerous
1.0-1.1
Poor
1.1 1.25
Questionable
1.25 2.0
Fair
Above 2.0
Good.