Bacteria

Maulita Cut Nuria, M.Sc., Apt

Fungi

Plant

Animal

Protista

classification
Prokaryotae

Eukaryotes

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Universal Phylogenetic Tree derived from comparative sequencing of

16S or 18S RNA. Note the three major domains of living organisms.3

Divisions and Classes in the Kingdom Procaryotae

(Monera) Identified by Common Names
DIVISION

Typical gram-negative
cell wall

CLASS

Nonphotosynthetic bacteria
Anaerobic photosynthetic
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Rods and cocci Actinomycetes
and related organisms

Typical gram-positive

The taxonomic classification scheme for bacteria may be

found in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
In Bergey's Manual, bacteria are divided into four divisions.
Three divisions consist of eubacterial cells, and the fourth
division consists of the archaeobacteria. Each division is
divided into classes
Skema klasifikasi taksonomi bakteri mungkin
ditemukan dalam Manual Bergey Systematic Bacteriology.
Dalam Pedoman Bergey itu, bakteri dibagi menjadi empat divisi.
Tiga divisi terdiri dari sel eubacterial, dan keempat
divisi terdiri dari archaeobacteria. Setiap divisi
dibagi ke dalam kelas

Classes are divided into orders

genera
species

families

Struktur Sel Bakteri

Classification of bacteria
1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

2. DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
3. NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION
4. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Morphological characteristics are useful in identifying
bacteria. For example, differences in such structures
as endospores or flagella can be helpful. However,
many microorganisms appear too similar to be
classified by their structures.
Karakteristik morfologi berguna dalam mengidentifikasi
bakteri. Misalnya, perbedaan dalam struktur seperti
endospora atau flagela dapat membantu. Namun,
banyak mikroorganisme tampak terlalu mirip jika
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diklasifikasikan berdasarkan struktur mereka.

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
(For example Gram staining)
Most bacteria are either gram-positive or gramnegative. But not useful in identifying either the wallless bacteria or the archaeobacteria with unusual
walls.
(Misalnya pewarnaan Gram)
Kebanyakan bakteri baik gram positif atau gram
negatif. Tapi tidak berguna dalam mengidentifikasi baik
Dinding kurang bakteri atau archaeobacteria dengan biasa
dinding.
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PENGECATAN GRAM

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Gram-Negative

Gram-Positive

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Cell-Wall of

Gram-Negative Bacteria are Endotoxin

OH
O

Lipid A

CH2

O
O

Inside Cell

CH
OH
O-Region:
Repeating
tri-,
O
O
O
NH
C
HO
tetra- or
pentasaccharides
O
C
NH
CH
(up toCH25) O
2

OH
O

CH

CH
(CH2) 10

(CH2) 10
CH3 O

CH2

CH2

(CH )
CH Core
Polysaccharide
HC
2 10

OH

(CH2) 10

CH3
CH3

(CH2) 10
CH

OH
O

Outside Cell
OH

HC
(CH2) 10
CH3

Cell Wall

NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION

The similarity between genomes can be compared more
directly by use of nucleic acid hybridization studies.
Kesamaan antara genom dapat dibandingkan secara
langsung dengan menggunakan asam nukleat studi
hibridisasi.
If a mixture of single-stranded DNA formed by heating
o
dsDNA
is cooled and held at a temperature below the Tm,
strands with complementary base
sequences will reassociate to form stable dsDNA, whereas
noncomplementary strands will remain single.
Jika campuran DNA beruntai tunggal yang dibentuk
oleh pemanasan dsDNA didinginkan dan diadakan pada
suhu bawah Tm, untai dengan basa komplementer
urutan akan reassociate untuk membentuk dsDNA stabil,
sedangkan helai noncomplementary akan tetap tunggal.

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NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
The development of computers has made
possible the quantitative approach known as
numerical taxonomy. Information about the
properties of organisms is converted into a
form suitable for numerical analysis and then
compared by means of a computer.

The resulting classification is based on

general similarity as judged by comparison of
many characteristics,each given equal weight.

Perkembangan komputer
membantu secara kuantitatif
dalam taksonomi numerik.
Informasi tentang sifat
organisme diubah menjadi
bentuk cocok untuk analisis
numerik dan kemudian
dibandingkan dengan cara
komputer.
Hasil
klasifikasi didasarkan
pada kesamaan umum
sebagaimana dinilai dengan
perbandingan banyak
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karakteristik, masing-masing
diberikan bobot yang sama.

THANK
YOU
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