Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Quiz 2 Exam
Date: At the end of W4b power point
Time: At Start of Class
Venue: In Class
PLEASE BRING/BORROW A NOTEBOOK/TABLET
2. Descriptive Statistics
Statistics plays an important role in the description of mass
phenomena.
It offers methods to summarize a collection of data. These
methods may be numerical or graphical, both of which have
their own advantages and disadvantages.
Graphical methods are better suited for the recognition of
patterns in the data, whereas numerical methods give welldefined measures of some properties.
In general, it is recommended to use both approaches for the
description of data. A field which is closely related to
descriptive statistics, is exploratory data analysis.
3. Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is used to draw conclusions
about a data set. Usually this means drawing
inferences about a population from a sample either by
estimating some relationships or by testing some
hypothesis.
Population: A Population is the set of all possible states
of a random variable. The size of the population may be
either infinite or finite.
Sample: A Sample is a subset of the population; its size
is
always finite.
97
84
73
63
88
97
100
95
97
63
100
84
88
95
97
84
88
783
The mean is 87
100
95
63
73
86
97
783
63 73 84 86 88 95 97 97 100
Median
Sounds like
MEDIUM
Think middle when you hear median.
How do we find
the MEDIAN
when two numbers are in the middle?
63 73 84 88 95 97 97 100
88 + 95 = 183
183
The median is
91.5
One mode
More than one mode
No mode
63 73 84 86 88 95 97 97 100
97 is the MODE
Most Often
MOde
18, 7, 10, 7, 18
9, 11, 16, 8, 16
18, 7, 10, 7, 18
9, 11, 16, 8, 16
9, 11, 16, 6, 7, 17, 18
18, 7, 10, 7, 18
63 73 84 86 88 95 97 97
97
-63
34
34 is the RANGE
or spread
of this set of data
99
48
97
84
86
71
88
84 86 88 97 99
99
-48
51
17
48
15
33
46
67
85
46 48
85
-15
70
67 85
119
329
401
227
483
483
-119
364
Find the.
Find the.
Find the.
Find the.
Find the.
47
48
50
51
Distribution of data
Image from: http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/lectures/lec15.htm
Normal:
Left (Negatively) skewed:
Right (Positively) skewed:
Normality Test:
Using the data below, fill up the descriptive statistics form from
the excel output.
2. Null Hypothesis
Denoted by Ho
A proposed relationship between 2 or more parameters
(Usually a status quo)
Usually what is wished to be disproved
Example:
Ho : 1= 2
There are no differences in population average for solder
weight between the 2 machines
3. Alternative Hypothesis
Denoted by Ha
Opposite to the null hypothesis
What we wish to establish as true
Example:
HA : 1 2 The population average for sample 1 is not equal to the
population average of sample 2
1 > 2 The population average for capacitor shear for the high
adhesive weight is greater than the low adhesive weight.
1 2 The population average for glass length for machine 2 is less
than for machine 1
4. Test Statistics
A sample statistics is used to decide whether to reject the
null hypothesis
Calculated from the sample data
A critical value of the test statistics for which the null
hypothesis will be rejected
If null hypothesis is rejected, alternative hypothesis
accepted as true
5. Consequences
Since decision to accept of reject Ho is based on a sample
difference containing some variation, there is a possibility of
making an incorrect decisions. The terminology and
probabilities for this risk is categorized below:
Accept Ho
Reject Ho
Ho True
Ho False
Correct Decision
Probability=1-
Type II Error
Probability=
Type I Error
Correct Decisions
Probability=
Probability=1-
: rejecting Ho when it is true : rejecting Ho when it is false
5. Consequences (cont)
Ho:=30
Ho:30
/2
5. Consequences (cont)
Example when evaluating 2 process pressure.
Null hypothesis states that there are no significant difference in defect level
Alternative hypothesis states that there is significant differences in defect
level between the 2 pressures.
Error
Reality
Conclusion
Consequences
Type I
It does affects
defects level
Try to control
pressure to
reduce defects
level waste of
time
Type II
Missed
opportunity for
defects
reduction
One Sided
Two Sided
Example:
Does the iron concentration of an iron ore exceed 30 %? [one sided
test]
Is the pizza you ordered from the pizza service well done (it could
be raw, or burnt, or well done) [two sided test]
6. NORMALITY TEST
http://sdittami.altervista.org/shapirotest/ShapiroTest.html