Some interesting physics in transition

metal oxides: charge ordering, orbital

ordering and spin-charge separation
C. D. Hu
Department of physics
National Taiwan University
1. Introduction to double-exchange interaction (DE)
2. Introduction to charge ordering
3. Introduction to orbital ordering and orbital dynamics
4. Interplay between double-exchange interaction, charge ordering, and
orbital ordering

Double-exchange interaction
La1-xDxMnO3 D: divalent elements 3-d
Lan(1-x)Sr1+nxMnnO3n+1

n = # of layers. 2-d

Phase diagram

OOI

CMR: Temperature Dependence

The electrical
resistance depends
strongly on
applied magnetic
field. As the
temperature is
increased through
the ferromagnetic
Curie temperature
Tc, the MR ration
rises sharply.

Manganites Structure
LaMnO3

La+3 Mn+3 O-23

Mn+3 3d4

xy, yz, zx orbitals form t2g band, localized spin 3/2

x2-y2, 3z2-r2 form eg band, mobile spin 1/2
S=3/2+1/2
-------doping-----

La1-xCaxMnO3 La+3 Ca+2 Mn+4 O+23

Mn+3 3d4
xy, yz, zx orbitals form t2g band, localized spin 3/2
S=3/2.

eg

x2-y2
3z2-r2

YT

Crystal
field

xy
xz,
yz

t2g

atom
Jahn-Teller
distortion

Mn

Zener, Anderson, Hasegawa:

Double-Exchange interaction

HDE t ci c j J Si i ,
i j

Mn

J 10t eV

Mn

Mn

Mn

Mean field picture

Recent Development (PRB 64,054406(2001))

From the point of view of the total spin on a site.

r
r
r
Stotal Slocalized sconduction
r 2
Stotal 2(2 1)

|S=3/2,m> and |1/2,+1/2> |S=2,m+1/2>

|S=3/2,m> and |1/2,-1/2> |S=2,m-1/2>

Slave fermion

ci f i i ,

ci f i i .

combine or with
the localized spin.

Schwinger bosons

A | S 1 / 2, m 1 / 2 S m | S , m ,
B | S 1 / 2, m 1 / 2 S m | S , m .
Finally

H DE

f
(
A
A

i
i
j
i Bj ) f j
2S 1 i j

Ai Ai Bi Bi f i f i 2 S

H K .E. U n n '

v v
J Si si J .T .

H
t
f
(
A
A

i
i
j
i B j ) f j
2S 1 i j
U ni ni J .T .
Ai Ai Bi Bi f i f i f i f i 2S

H DE

f
(
A
A

i
i
j
i Bj ) f j
2S 1 i j

it
im e F , F (t ) dt
i

Fi i H DE , pi
E k k i f k p Ap ck ck Ap f k p

N
1
2
ne

Similar to one-magnon process.

10( cm / K ) T
2

Saito, et. al., PRB 62,1039

(2000).
Experimental results II:
ARPES shape of Fermi
edge
(1) Different from that of
Gold (metal).
(2) Temperature sensitive

f
f
f

f
f

Charge ordering

Many compounds
cuperates
manganites
magnetites

Nd doped La2-xSrxCuO4

(Niemoller et. al.)

ac-plane, Stripe in b-directuion

Charge-ordered stripes seen in La0.33Ca0.67MnO3 by Uehara,

Mori, Chen and Cheong, Nature399, 560 (1999).

DV2O4
D: divalent elements
New J. Phys. 7, 53. Radaelli

PRL 93 157206.
Tchernyshyov

Orbital ordering
Fe3O4 Verway transition

cubic to monoclinic

Miles, et. al.

Rev. Mod. Phys.
29, 279

Fe3O4

Verway transition
O
O
O
O

O-2
A-type: 1/3 Fe+2
B-type: 1/3 Fe+2
B-type: 1/3 Fe+3

Orbital ordering
Manganite, Spinel (AB2X4, MgTi2O4, FeSc2S4),
R1-xAxTiO3, TiOX (X=Cl,BR),
V2O3, LiNiO2, NaTiO2, Ca3Ru2O7, KCuF3, Fe3O4,

Fe3O4

PRL 93, 156403. Jen, Guo, Huang

PRB 66, 214422. Wright, Attfield, Radaelli

Interplay between DE and OO

z-direction
tz

0 0
t '

0 1

x, y-direction
tx(y)

t 3

4 3

(PR. 93, 1498. Slater, Koster)

simple cubic lattice

K .E. (t

i a

K .E .

c j t c

2t (cos k x a cos k y a)

i a

c j t c
y

i a

2t / 3(cos k x a cos k y a)

c j )

2t / 3(cos k x a cos k y a ) 2t / 3(cos k x a cos k y a) t 'cos k z

La0.5Ca0.5MnO3
La0.5Sr1.5MnO4

PR 100, 545. Wollen, Koehler

PR 100, 564. Goodenough

: Mn4+, : spin,
lobes: orbitals of Mn3+

Summary
1. A lot of interesting phenomena.
2. Orbital dynamics is simple.
3. With the new form of DE, the system
seems to be managable.

PRL. 88 167204
Kim et. al.

PRL. 81, 1517

x=0.3
Feathures:
Drude peak and broad peak

polaron?

small polaron

large polaron

orbital?

J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.

Shiba et. al.

PRB. 58, 11841

Kilian and Khaliulin

Probing the orbital ordering

Resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) :
An Incident photon excites an electron to a higher level.
The Electron emits a photon and falls to a lower state.

La0.5Sr1.5MnO4

1s4p

(PRL 80, 1932. Murakami et. al.)

1. The energy of 4p state is affected by the electrons at 3d state.

2. The energies of 4p state of Mn3+ and Mn4+ are different.
3. Intensity varies with the direction of polarization due to the Aj coupling.
4. Incident photon: polarization. z-axis: b direction. orbitals: y2-z2 and x2-z2.