Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contaminants
Unit 1 Section B
ChemCom Hon I
Ms. Brandi Thomas
**B.1 Physical Properties of Water
Properties that can be observed and measured
without changing the chemical makeup of
substance
This section focuses on the physical properties
of water –
density,
physical state,
surface tension,
boiling and freezing points
and the solvent characteristics
Aqueous Solutions
Water based solutions
** Mixtures and Solutions
Mixture
Two or more substances that retain there individual
properties
Heterogeneous Mixture
Composition is not the same or uniform throughout.
• Suspension
Particles are large enough to settle out and can be filtered
• Colloid
Particles are smaller than in suspension can not settle out…
cloudy appearance
• Dissolves
Particles smaller than particles in colloids and separate into
particles so small they can not be seen.
** Mixtures and Solutions
Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture that is uniform throughout
• Solutions are homogeneous
• Solute
The dissolved substance
• Solvent
The dissolving agent
**Molecular view of Water
Atom
All matter is composed of atoms
Element
Matter made up of only one type of atom
90 different elements found in nature
Compound
A substance with two or more elements linked together chemically in
fixed positions
Pure substance
Each element and compound. A uniform and definite composition and
distinct properties
Molecule
• Smallest unit of a pure substance that retains properties
Chemical Bond
• “glue” that holds atoms of a molecule together.
**B.4 Symbols, formulas, and
Equations
An introduction to symbols, formulas, and
equations and to the significance of
subscripts and coefficients.
International “chemical language” to
represent atoms, elements, and compounds.
Chemical Symbols = “letters” of chemical
lang.
• Each element is assigned a chemical symbol.
• Only first letter is capitalized
**B.4 Symbols, formulas, and
Equations
All elements are organized into the
periodic table.
Chemical formula = “the word” in chemical
lang.
Ex:H2O = Water
A subscript indicates how many atoms of
each element are in the molecule or unit of
substance
Ex:C3H8 = Propane (3 Carbon molecules and 8
Hydrogen)
**B.4 Symbols, formulas, and
Equations
Chemical equations = the “sentences” of
chemical lang.
Each chemical equation represents a
chemical reaction that happens or that
someone predicts might happen.
Chemical Reactions = breaking and the
forming of chemical bonds, causing atoms
to rearrange into new substances.
**B.4 Symbols, formulas, and
Equations
Reactants = the original substances in a
chemical equation.
Products = the new substance formed
from the rearrangement of the reactant
**B.4 Symbols, formulas, and
Equations
Diatomic Molecules Elements that exits as
They exists as two Diatomic Molecules
bonded atoms of the Element Formula
same element.
Gen-U-ine Diatomic
Hydrogen H2
molecules Nitrogen N2
Oxygen O2
Fluorine F2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2
**B.5 The Electrical Nature of
Matter
The Electrical nature of matter is
discussed in terms of interaction among
charges, and in terms of neutrons,
protons, and electrons.
Water is described as a polar molecule
Like forces repel each other
Unlike charges attract each other.
**B.5 The Electrical Nature of
Matter
Neutral atoms have equal numbers of
positively charged particles called Protons
and negatively charge electrons. Neutrons
are electrically neutral atoms
Protons = (+)
Electrons = (-)
Positive neutrons and negative elections
form the glue that holds atoms together.
**B.6 Ions and Ionic Compounds
Molecules make one type of compound
Another type of compound = ions
Ions are charged atoms. Atoms can gain or
lose electrons to form positive or negative
ions.
Ionic compounds are composed of both
positive and negative ions. (no net charge)
• When an cation sticks to an anion = ionic
compounds
**B.6 Ions and Ionic Compounds
Anions
When and atom gains one or more electron
Resulting in an negative charge
Cations
An atom losing one or more election resulting
in a positive charge.
Polyatomic (many atom) ion
An ion consisting of a group of bonded atoms
Figure 18 (page 33)
***Figuring out how many electrons
atoms gain or lose…
Count forward from it on the periodic table until
you reach the next noble gas
Count backward from it on the periodic table
until you reach the last noble gas.
If the forward < than backward, the element will
gain elections (amount you counted) for a
negative charge
If backward is < than forward then you will lose
the number of electrons that you counted.
Important: SKIP OVER TRANSITION METALS
WHEN COUNTNG TO NOBLE GASES,
Practice Problem
What will the charges of the following
elements be when they gain or lose
electrons to gain the same electron
figuration as the nearest noble gas?
A) Magnesium (Mg)
B) Calcium (Ca)
C) Bromine (Br)
~Properties of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds form Crystals
Ionic compounds often have high melting
and boiling points
Ionic compounds are hard and brittle
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when
dissolved in water or melted
~Writing Ionic Names from
Formulas
Step 1
Determine the base name
• The first word is the cation
• The second word is the anion (if polyatomic ion
just look up on polyatomic chart)
Step 2
Determine whether or not the compound will
require a roman numeral
Step 3
***Writing Ionic Formulas from
names
Step 1
From the base name, determine the formula
and charge of ions
Step 2
Write the formulas of the cations and anions
next to each other.
Step 3
Devise an ionic formula that gives the
compound a neutral charge.
Writing Ionic Formulas from Names
Example “Beryllium Hydroxide”
“Beryllium” indicates Be+2 and
“hydroxide” indicates OH-1
Putting them together we get Be+2OH-1.
Because Beryllium hydroxide has to be
electrically neutral, there needs to be two
hydroxide ions for each beryllium ion.
As a result the formula of beryllium
hydroxide is Be(OH)2
Write the formula of the following
ionic Compound
A) Lithium acetate
B) sodium nitrate
Write the formula of the following
ionic Compound
A) Lithium acetate
LiC2H3O2
B) sodium nitrate
NaNO3
Group Activity
In Groups of 4 do building skills on page
34.
B.7 Water testing
Purpose: allow you to use a method that
chemist, including those investing the
Riverwood fish kill , use to detect specific
ions in water solutions
Confirming test: A positive test confirms
the ion in question is present.
Change in color or appearance of precipitate
indicate a positive test.
B.7 Water testing
A negative test does not equal an absent
ion.
Qualitative test vs. Quantitative test. (This
lab is qualitative…(only test for presence
not amount)
Testing for
• Iron (III) (Fe+3)
• Calcium (Ca 2+ )
• Chloride (Cl-)
• Sulfate (SO42-)
B.7 Water testing
Reference Solutions
Contains the ions of interest
Control
Does not contain the ion of interest
The other samples
Natural Water/Mystery Water
Tap water
• Are to be compared to the reference solutions
• Lab video
B.7 Water testing
Post Lab
Questions 1-4 page 38
For the next 5 min:
• With your partner go over questions 1-4
B.8 Pure and Impure Water
Most families in the US have clean water
but not pure water.
Pure is almost impossible since so many
substances dissolve in water, (even
atmospheric gases like nitrogen, hydrogen,
and carbon dioxide.
B.9 The RiverWood Mystery
Making Decisions Group activity
In groups of 4 read over the directions and
questions on page 38-39 and answer
questions.
Put the answers in your notes section of class
binder.
We will come back to these for a group
discussion and for our town council meeting
B.10 What are the possibilities
Bridge to part C
Identifies the processes just used by
students as typical work of scientist.
Now that we know about the types of
substances that can be dissolved or
suspended in water, we can determine which
ones are potentially harmful to aquatic life.