Chapter 8 :

Inverterbrates
Noor Serina Binti Mohammad Shukor
Date of present:

Learning Objectives
1.

2.
3.

Should be able to explain about animals

origin.
List out animals general characteristic
Describe the phyla of invertebrates, by
explaining and differentiating their
characteristics besides discussing their life
cycle.

Kingdom animalia
Animalia

Vertebrate
(with backbone)

Invertebrate
(no backbone)

Origin of animals
1. Choanoflagellates
Group of protist that are suspension feeder
and posses collar cells
2. Unicellular ciliates
Paramecium that posses two types of nucleus
3. Spherical colonies
Volvox colony that mutates
4. Placozoan
Is a plate-shaped, two layered animal with no
symmetry and no organs

8.1 General Characteristics

1. Animals are multicellular
Cells are specialized to perform specific
function.
2. Animals are Heterotrophs
get their raw materials and energy from
environment or other organisms
3. Animals are motile
Heterotrophy often requires motility to
capture prey

4. Animals reproduce sexually and in

some cases asexually or both.
5. Animals have a period of embryonic
development
embryonic development, cells become
specialized and tissues form.
Diploid zygote undergoes cleavage, a series
of mitotic division.
During cleavage, zygote divides and
produce solid balls of cell. Result-> blastula

7. Animals can be classified according to

body symmetry, type of body cavity.
Biologist divide animals into parazoa and
eumatazoa.
Parazoa is multicellular organism having
less specialized cell than in metazoa. Eg:
Sponges
Eumatazoa consist of animals that have
bodies differentiate into separates tissue,
such as muscle, nerve tissue.

Characterizing by body
plan
1. Symmetry

i. Radial Symmetry
ii. Bilateral Symmetry
iii. Assymmetry
2. Tissue
i. Ectoderm
ii.Mesoderm
iii.Endodem
3. Body Cavity i. acoelomate
ii. Pseudocoelom
iii. Coelomates

1. Symmetry
Symmetry refers to the arrangement of
body structures in relation to the axis
of body.
Most animals exhibit either radial or
bilateral symmetry

i. Radial Symmetry
The body structures have generally
formed of spherical or cylinder.
Multiple planes can be drawn through the
central axis.
Animals with radial symmetry receive
stimuli equally from all directions.
E.g. sea anemone, jellyfish, starfish.

Sea Anemone

Jelly Fish

Star Fish

ii. Bilateral Symmetry

The body plan can be divided through only
one plan which passes through the midline of
the body.
It produces equivalent right and left halves
that are mirror image.
Have a body axis passing from an anterior
end (front) to a posterior end (back).
The body is separated into right and left
sides along this main axis, and has a dorsal
surface (backside) and ventral surface
(underside

For animals with bilateral symmetry, there

is an addition to their evolution, known as
cephalization.
Cephalization
Is development of a head where sensory
structures are concentrated
As adaptions to locomotion

Body symmetry.
The flowerpot and
shovel are included
to help you
remember the
radialbilateral
distinction.

iii. Assymetry
Have no pattern of symmetry
Eg: sponges
When body sponges cut into half, the two
halves are not mirror image/ not similar to
one another.

2. Tissue

During the early development, most

animals groups consist of three embryonic
tissue layers, called germ layers.

Give rises to tissue.

Most animals are tripoblastic

They posses three layers:

Ectoderm: The outer germ layer that gives rise

to the outer covering of the body and to the
nervous system.
Mesoderm: The middle layer that gives rise to
most other body structures including muscles,
skeletal structures and circulatory system

Endoderm: The inner layer that forms the lining

of digestive tube and other digestive organs.

3. Body cavity

Is a space that separates the digestive

system and internal organ from the rest of
the body.

i. Acoelomate(without
cavity)
Animal doest not have body cavity.
Eg: flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
and proboscis worms (Phylum Nemertea)

ii. Pseudocelomates (false

coelom)
Animals have a body cavity but it does not
develop from splitting of the mesoderm.
Eg: nematodes or roundworm or rotifer.

iii. Coelomate (true

coelom)
The body cavity is entirely lined with
mesdoderm.
Eg: annelids

8.2 Pattern of Development

Pattern in early development usually

observed in coelomate animals.
There are 2 main evolutionary lines in
coelomate animals that are:

protostomes (include mollusks, annelids and

arthropods)
deuterostomes (echinoderms and chordates)

Both are differ from each other due to the

pattern of cleavage, developmental fate of
the blastopore and formation of coelom.

A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development.

How about
this
sponges?

Parazoa: Sponges
(Phlum Porifera)
1.Class Calcarea
2. Class Hexatinellida
3. Class Demosopngie

8.2 Phylum Porifera

Porifera means to have pores which bodies
perforated by tiny holes.
Aquatic. Mostly marine with size range from
1 to 200cm in height.
Asymetrical animal but differ in shape from
flat, encrusting growth to balls, cups fans,
or vases
May be brightly colors.
Some may live symbiotically with bacteria
or algae.

They are believed to evolve

from choanoflagellates
Sponges are multicellular
In their life cycle, their larval
stages are able to swim but
adult stage is sessile and
attach to some solid object.
Several species have been
observed to move slowly
(4mm per day).

A
choanoflagellate
colony. Such a
colony is about
0.02 mm high.

 The

sponge body is a sac with tiny openings

through which water enters; a central cavity
(spongocoel); and an open end, or osculum,
through which water exits.
The outer layer is formed by epidermal cells.
Meanwhile, the collar cells (choanocyte) make
up the inner layer, they create the water current
and trap food.
Between the outer layer and inner layer cell is the
mesohyl, contain amoeboid cells which is
important in digestion and food transport.

Anatomy of a

 Sponges

are suspension
feeders, adapted for trapping
and eating whatever food and
water bring to them.
As water circulates through the
body, the food is trapped along
the sticky collars of chanocytes.
Foods are digested within the
collar cells or transferred to
ameboid cells for digestion and
transport of nutrients to
epidermal cells.
Undigested food passes out
through the osculum and
eliminated into the
surrounding water.

There are 3 classes of sponges

based on the type of skeleton
they secrete:
Class Calcarea: secretes a chalky
skeleton composed of small CaCO3
spikes, or spicules.
Class Hexactinella: the glass
sponges with skeleton made of sixrayed spicules containing silica.
Class Demospongiae:
characterized by variable skeletons
made of a fibrous protein material
known as sponging or contains
spicules of silica or combination of
both.
*Largest sponge classes ~95%

YellowCalcareous
Sponge

 Gas

exchanges and excretions of waste

products depend on simple diffusion
into and out of individual cells.
Sexual reproduction is simple because
they are hermaphroditic, meaning
that same individual can produce both
eggs and sperms.
However, the production of egg and
sperm are at different time in each
individual and they cross-fertilize
with other sponges.
Mature sperm are released into the
water and are taken in by other
sponges of the same species.

 Fertilization

and early development take place

within the mesohyl. Embryo then move into
the spongocoel and leave the parent by
swimming, following the water flow.
When the larva find solid object, they
attached and begin a sessile life.
Asexual reproduction is done by
fragmentation. A small fragment break free
from the parent and give rise to a new sponge.
Sponges can repair themselves to regenerate
the lost parts. If the cells of a sponge are
separated from one another, they can
recognize each other and be reaggregated
forming a complete sponge again.

8.3 Eumetazoa,
Radial Symmetry
(Phylum Cnidaria)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Class
Class
Class
Class

Hydrozoa
Scypozoa
cubozoa
anthozoa