Submitted by

Reshma S. Magar
Shital M. Talekar
K .T .Patil College of Computer Science (B C S III rd),
Osmanabad.
Dr. BAMU, Aurangabad

Under the guidance of

Mr. Hannure sir

Contents:
- Introduction
- History of RFID
_ Defination of RFID
- Components of RFID
-Types of antenna
-Current uses of RFID
-Radio frequency
-RFID frequency range
-Application of RFID
-Role of RFID

Introduction of RFID:Radio frequency identification technology

known as RFID , has been described as techs official Next Big Thing. RFID is not
actually a new technology ,but it is being applied in anew way, suprred by
technological advance & decreased costs. Once used during world war 2 to identify
friendly aircraft, RFID is now being used in a variety of public & private sector setting
from hospital to the highway.

In pharmacy a druggist can fill a prescription

from a bottle bearing an RFID chipped label confirming the authenticity of its
content. On the high way , cars with RFID tags on their windshield can move a
swiftly through high way tool booths , saving time & reducing traffic congestion.
RFID is benefits for industry & consumers. RFID is used in supply
chain management. RFID used in public sector like a workshop. RFID research is
health care where RFID devices can be used to track equipment and people within a
medical facility . The most significant concern expressed by consumers familiar with
RFID related to privacy.

Data base security is a critical aspect of any

analysis of privacy concern associated with RFID
use , because the tags themselves may contain
only limited data , such as a number in the case
of EPC chips (Electronic product code).
Radio frequency
identification is a method of storing data using
wireless system comprising a tag also known as
transponder. Data is stored on the tag &
exchanged with the reader via radio transmission
between two component. These transmission
occurs in the HF & UHF range without move in to
the microwave region is predicted.

History of RFID:Its generally said that the

history of RFID technology can be traced
back to world war 2. The Germans,
Japanese, Americans and British were all
using radar which had been discovered in
1935 by scottish physicist sir Robert
Alexander Watson- watt- to warm of
approaching planes. While they were still
miles away.

RFID is a generic term for

technologies that use radio waves to
automatically identify people or objects. There
are several methods of identification, but the
most common is to store a serial number that
identifies a person or object, and perhaps other
information, on a microchip that is attached to
an antennathe chip and the antenna together
are called an RFID transponder or an RFID tag.
The antenna enables the chip to transmit the
identification information to a reader. The reader
converts the radio waves reflected back from
the RFID tag into digital information that can
then be passed on to computers that can make
use of it.

Defination :

RFID is a technology
that uses electromagnetic waves to
identify object, animal or people in an
unique manner.

In RFID systems, an item is tagged with a tiny

silicon chip and an antenna; the chip plus
antenna (together called a tag) can then be
scanned by mobile or stationary readers using
radio waves . The chip can be encoded with a
unique identifier, allowing tagged items to be
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individually identified by a reader.

 RFID provides a quick, flexible, and reliable electronic

means to detect, identify, track, and hence manage a
variety of items.
In World War II, the British used it to make sure
incoming planes were theirs, not Germany's.
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Primary Components of RFID Devices

RFID devices have three primary elements: a
chip, an antenna, and a reader. A fourth
important part of any RFID system is the
database where information about tagged
objects is stored.

RFID Applications

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The chip:--usually made of silicon, contains information about the

item to which it is attached. Chips used by retailers and
manufacturers to identify consumer goods may contain
an Electronic Product Code (EPC). The EPC is the RFID
equivalent of the familiar universal product code (UPC),
or bar code, currently imprinted on many products. Bar
codes must be optically scanned, and contain only generic
product information.

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The antenna:The antenna attached to the chip is responsible for

transmitting information from the chip to the reader,
using radio waves. Generally, the bigger the antenna,
the longer the read range. The chip and antenna
combination is referred to as a transponder or, more
commonly, as a tag. Participants at the workshop
brought samples of tags currently in use.

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The reader:The reader or scanning device,

also has its own antenna, which it uses to
communicate with the tag.14 Readers vary in
size, weight, and power, and may be mobile or
stationary.

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The main criteria for readers include the

following:
Operating frequency (LF, HF, UHF): some

companies are starting to develop multi frequency

readers.

Protocol ability: support for different tag protocols

(ISO, EPC, proprietary).

Networking to host capability:

- TCP/IP.
-Wireless LAN (802.11).
- Ethernet LAN (10base T).

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 Different regional regulations (eq: UHF

readers):
-UHF frequency agility 902 to 930 MHz in the United
States and869 MHz in Europe.
- Power regulations of 4W in the United States and 500
mW in some other countries. Manage frequency
hopping in the United States and duty cycle
requirements.

Management of multiple antennas:

- Typically four antennas per reader.
How antennas are polled or multiplexed.

 Ability to network many readers together

(via concentrators or via middleware).
Ability to upgrade the reader firmware in
the field.
Interface to middleware products.
Digital I/O for external sensor and control
circuits.

Database:
The database system stored information
about RFID tagged object access to both a
reader & its corresponding database are
necessary before information stored on an RFID
tag can be obtained and understood. In the
database also device self information are stored.

Types of antennas:
- antennas can be divided in three groups:

1.Half-wave antennas.
2. Full-wave antennas.
3. Series-loaded, short-loop antennas.

1. Half-wave antennas:The half-wave loop consists of a loop approximately

one-half wavelength in circumference with a gap cut in
the ring. It is very similar to a half-wave dipole that has
been folded into a ring, and most of the information
about the dipole applies to the half-wave loop. Because
the ends are very close together, some capacitive
loading exists, and resonance is obtained at a
somewhat smaller circumference than expected. The
feed point impedance is also somewhat lower than the
usual dipole, but all of the usual feeding techniques can
be applied to the half-wave loop.

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2. Full-wave antennas:The full-wave loop is approximately one

wavelength in circumference. Resonance is
obtained when the loop is slightly longer than one
wavelength. The full-wave loop can be thought of
as two end-connected dipoles. Like the half-wave
loop, the shape of the full-wave loop is not
critical, but efficiency is determined mainly by the
enclosed area. The feed impedance is somewhat
higher (approximately 120) than the half-wave
loop.

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3. Series-loaded, short-loop antennas:Loaded-loop antennas are commonly used in

remote control and remote keyless entry
(RKE) applications. The loop is placed in
series with an inductor, which reduces the
efficiency of the antenna but shortens the
physical length.

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Current Uses of RFID:1>cards that authenticate the pass-holder before

permitting access.

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2>Workshop participants described a number of RFID

applications that consumers may already be using.
For example, some consumers are familiar with
employee identification

3>RFID is being used in a variety of

transportation related.

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 4>RFID increased the

speed at which pallets
could be loaded on
trucks and it
eliminated mistakes
and cut costs

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5>Many automobile models already

use RFID tags in keys to authenticate
the user.

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6>The database, or other back-end logistics

system, Stored information about RFID- tagged
object. Access to both a reader and its
corresponding database are Necessary before
information stored on an RFID tag Can be
obtained and understood.

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7> RFID is used in a variety of public and private

sector.
8>RFID is also benefits for industry & consumer.
9>RFID is used in supply chain management.
10>RFID is used in pharmacy.
11>RFID devices can be used to track equipment
& people within a medical facility.
12>It is also used the data base security to
analysis of privacy concern.

13>RFID is also used for border security, RFID

chips implemented For the USA ,canda
program.
14>Low frequency tags are used for animal
identification & high frequency tags are used
for tracking.
15>RFID is also used for automotion.
16>By using RFID to stop our manual work.
17>RFID provides quick, flexible and reliable
electronic means to detect and manage the
varity of item.
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Radio Frequency:There are three different types

1.Low frequency (LF)
2. High frequency (HF)
3.Ultra High frequency (UHF)
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Low frequency:-

Low frequency operate at

less than 135 kilohertz (KHz), it is
appropriate for short-range uses, like animal
identification and anti-theft systems, such as
RFID-embedded automobile keys.

RFID Applications

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High frequency:High frequency operate at 13.56 megahertz (MHz) .

Both low-frequency and high-frequency tags can be
passive. Scanners can read multiple HF tags at once
and at a faster rate than LF tags. A key use of HF
tags is in contact less smartcards, such as mass
transit cards or building-access badges.

Fig: High
frequency scanner
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Ultra-High Frequency (UHF):The Ultra-High Frequency (UHF), is contemplated for

widespread use by some major retailers, who are
working with their suppliers to apply UHF tags to cases
and pallets of goods. These tags, which operate at
around 900 MHz, can be read at longer distances, which
outside the laboratory environment range between three
and possibly fifteen feet. However, UHF tags are more
sensitive to environmental factors like water.

http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/archive/4/0

RFID Applications

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RFID Frequency range:-

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Frequency

Range

- 125khz -134khz

1cm-1meter

Identification of people & animals

- 13.56mhz

10cm-1meter

Libraries, consumer product, pilot projects

- 915mhz

3-6meter

Supply chain airport luggage

- Active tags, 2.45ghz
Toll gates, fleet management

10meter-1km
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Application of RFID:1.RFID applications help in tracking goods in

the supply chain and during the manufacturing
process.
2.RFID application is one that allows controlled
access to buildings and networks.
3.Low frequency RFID applications are ideal for
scanning objects with high water content at
close range.
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4.UHF tags are best for scanning boxes of

goods.
5.RFID systems to improve efficiency in
production as well as security features.
6.Intelligent software agents are used with
RFID applications so as to automate routing
decision making.

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Role of RFID:Frequency plays an important role

in the design of an RFID system .it can affect
aspects of the system such as operating range
and line of sight requirements. The major
frequency bands in which most RFID systems
operate, along with some of their respective
characteristics and applications are
summarized in the table below.

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Frequency
Band

System
Characteristics

Example
Applications

Low
-Short read range
100-500 kHz -Inexpensive

-Access control
-Animal identification
-Inventory control

Intermediate
-Medium read range
10-15 MHz

-Access control
-Smart cards

High
850-950
MHz
2.4-5.0 GHz

-Long read range

-High reading speed
-Line of sight
required
-Expensive

-Railroad car
monitoring
-Toll collection
systems
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Contents:- Feature of RFID

- RFID Tags
- How to use RFID Technology
- How to use RFID in small Business
- Problems & Solution of RFID
- Advantages of RFID
- Current uses of RFID
- Disadvantages of RFID
- RFID Today
- Conclusion
- Reference

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Features of RFID:1)Home & Education.

2)NSF payment system.
3)Travels & Health care.
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1) Home and Education:

RFID Journal's
writers imagine how radio frequency
identification will shape the household and
school environments two decades in the future.

2) NFC payment system:

Contact less payments with RFID
credit cards haven't taken off, but mobile phones with
Near Field Communication technology are on the
verge of breathing new life into "tap, pay and be on
your way"and promise to deliver more benefits than
just speeding shoppers through checkouts.
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3)Travels & Health care:RFID is being used in a variety of

transportation & also help sensure
that the facilitating real time
conformation of right Parent , drugs,
dose, route & time.

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RFID TAGS:There are three types of RFID tags.

1.Passive tag
2. Semi-passive tag
3.Active tag

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 Passive tags :-

Passive tags have no onboard

power source meaning no battery and
do not initiate communication. A reader
must first query a passive tag, sending
electromagnetic waves that form a
magnetic field when they couple with
the antenna on the RFID tag.
Passive tags are already used
for a wide array of applications, including
building-access cards, mass transit
tickets, and, increasingly, tracking
consumer products through the supply
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chain .

 Semi-passive tag:Semi passive, like passive tags, do not initiate

communication with readers,but they do have
batteries. This onboard power is used to operate the
circuitry on the chip, storing information such as
ambient temperature. Semi-passive tag scan be
combined, for example, with sensors to create
smart dust tiny wireless sensors that can monitor
environmental factors. Devices using smart dust,
also known as motes, currently cost about $100
each, but, in a few years, reportedly could drop to
less than $10 apiece.
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 Active tags:Active tags can initiate communication and

typically have onboard power. They can
communicate the longest distances 100 or more
feet. Currently, active tags typically cost $20 or
more.32 A familiar application of active tags is for
automatic toll payment systems,

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How to Use RFID Technology

1) You might not have heard of radio frequency identification, or
RFID, but you probably encounter it every day. And it could be a
valuable tool for your business.
2) RFID is an automatic identification technology like a
sprrued-up barcode. A barcode relies on a visual scan to transmit
data, but RFID relies on radio waves and doesn't need a line-ofsight to read data. In place of a barcode, you have an RFID tag or
"transponder," read by a hand-held reader, door-mounted reader,
or some other configuration.

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How to Use RFID Technology for Small Business

In addition to the requirements from bigger
companies, some small businesses want to use RFID
because the technology can help them solve business
problems. "RFID makes companies of all sizes more
efficient by helping them track their inventory and
equipment," says Chuck Thompson, vice president of
sales for Rush Tracking Systems, an RFID software and
services firm. "These efficiencies most commonly come
in the form of less labor and better accuracy. Many of
our business cases are built by eliminating manual
scanning, error proofing processes, and eliminating the
non-value added labor associated with correcting errors
such as expediting, searching, cycle counting, and
reconciliation.
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Before you even consider types of

RFID technology, identify the business
challenges you are trying to solve and
the business processes you could put
in place if you had near perfect
visibility to your inventory and assets.
Common starting points are areas
where there is a repetitive need for
data entry done manually or with
barcodes, Thompson says.
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Some of the challenges that RFID can help

businesses address include the following, says
Thompson:
1)

Improved IT asset utilization by tracking servers, notebooks,

or lab equipment.

2)

Improved document management by tracking the location,

status, and chain of custody of legal documents.

3) Rental and "check-out" situations, such as tools or at an

equipment rental outlet.
4) Reducing inventory by providing an accurate picture of existing
inventory and eliminating the need for over-ordering "backup
inventory."
5)
Improved inventory accuracy reduces the non value add
labor required to cycle count to find and verify where certain
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RFID Problem and Solution:Problems:

1)There is not one RFID standard
-Different tags
-Each tag has a specific memory
TAG
geometry.
-Each tag has a specific command set.
Solution:

ISO tag

TAGLT tag I code tag

NO generic standard
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Problem:
2) RFID uses a binary protocol
-Little or no abstraction between software &
hardware.
Solution:
Creates objects that translate high
level function to the binary protocol
Protocol

ISO protocol

TAGLT protocol

I code protocol

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Problem:
3) Two antennas interfere with each other.
-The minimum gap between two antennas is
60 cm (passive tags, 13.65mhz)
Solution:
Interfacing antennas.
- Smart stacking.
- Alternatively stack antennas left & right.
- Use metal foil.
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Problem:
4) Remember the attack surface.
-Tags are the weakest link in your security. never store
prices on the tags.
Solution:
-only use the serial number or the EPC code.
- All sensitive information is stored in a database
server.
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Advantages:1: Efficiency
2: Return on Investment (ROI)
3: Less Vulnerable to Damage
4: Security

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Advantages:-

1: Efficiency

RFID tags do not require line-of-sight to be deciphered

They can be read through cardboard, plastic, wood and
even the human body. RFID tags can easily track
moving objects and send the required information back
to the reader. This eliminates human errors, reduces
labor and provides quick access to a wealth of
information.
2: Return on Investment (ROI)
RFID costs more to implement than a barcode system,
but provides a good return on investment in the long
run, since RFID is significantly more efficient.
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3: Less Vulnerable to Damage

RFID tags are less susceptible to damage. An RFID
tag is securely placed within an object or embedded
in plastic, enabling the system to be used in a variety
of harsh environments, such as areas of high
temperature or moisture, or with exposure to
chemicals or the outdoors.
4: Security
RFID technology gives rise to numerous security
concerns. Since the system is not limited to line-ofsight, external (and malicious) high-intensity
directional antennas could be used to scan
sensitive tags. Fraud is always a possibility when
the technology is used for high-security operations,
such as payment verification.
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5.Contact less identification over a range of 1

cm - 1 meter.
6.Reads multiple product at the same time.
7.Reads through packaging materials .
8.Unique identification of individual product .

Fig: AIDC s/w.

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Current application of RFID:1) Medical:

tags are placed on prescription pill

bottles for the visually impaired. A special
reader provides audible information on the
name, instructions and warnings of the
prescription.
2) Animal Identification:
low frequency tags are implanted in
animals, wild or domestic, which can be read to
provide information such as gender, name,
diseases etc. As well, these tags allow lost pets
to be returned to their owners.
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3) Tracking:
High frequency RFID tags are
used to track library books, baggage, ID
tags, warehouse inventory and even credit
cards. American Express has a new service
called Express Pay, featured on the
American Express Blue credit card, which
utilizes RFID technology.
4) Geology:

RFID transceivers relay

seismic information to specialized
readers, greatly simplifying the collection
of data.

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5) Automotive:

Michelin has spearheaded a

program to embed RFID tags in their tires. This
will help track down problems should a recall
have to be utilized.

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Disadvantages

:-

1: Expense
RFID systems are typically more expensive than alternatives such
as barcode systems. While passive tag reading is similar to (and
generally less expensive than) barcode reading, active tags are
costly due to their complexity. Active tags consist of an antenna,
radio transceiver and microchip, increasing the overall cost of an
RFID system.
2: Collision
Tag collision and reader collision are common problems with RFID.
Tag collision occurs when numerous tags are present in a confined
area. The RFID tag reader energizes multiple tags simultaneously,
all of which reflect their signals back to the reader. This results in
tag collision, and the RFID reader fails to differentiate between
incoming data. RFID reader collision results when the coverage
area managed by one RFID reader overlaps with the coverage area
of another reader. This causes signal interference and multiple
reads of the same tag.
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3.passive tags can not be read near

metal or liquid.
4.passive tags are not always scanned
correctly .
5.There is no generic standard yet.
6.The consumer is warried about privacy
issue.

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RFID Today :
The practical applications of RFID today are
astounding. Any inventory could be instantly located
in any warehouse, high risk security institutions are
able to keep a constant eye on dangerous offenders,
lost pets can be returned to their owners...the list goes
on.
RFID technology is continuously advancing, and the
very near future will see science fiction become reality
as Radio Frequency Identification makes its way into
everyday functions.
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When a secure form of RFID is created for the

consumer population and privacy issues are
resolved, RFID tags will change the world.
Organizations such as EPC Global are
spearheading initiatives to standardize regulations
and usage, and numerous reputable companies are
spending billions of dollars and thousands of manhours to perfect the technology.

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Conclusion

RFID is a best technology used for

any other application like a border security,
medical &animal identification. It is also used for
barcode system, tags & transfer information.
RFID is a costly system that offers

some great
Advantages over barcodes. Even through the
technology still has not matured , the approtunity
for immediate and dramatic improvement in
customer services & productivity out weigh the
negatives.
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Improvement in tag life expectancy and

durability have improved substantially in the
past few year.
In addition, the Workshop brought
together RFID proponents, privacy experts,
and other interested parties to discuss RFID
various current and potential applications and
their implications for consumer privacy.

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RFID HAND BOOK

RFID
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