Unit-3

In-Organic
chemistry
PCT-112
IHS gabs

Enablers
At the end of session students will be able to
Appreciate importance of inorganic chemistry
Show basic understanding of periodic table
Understand periodic table trends
Write electron configuration for elements
Appreciate Inorganic compounds as

Pharmaceutical aids and necessities

Inorganic chemistry
Is the study of the synthesis and behavior of

inorganic and organometallic compounds

This field covers allchemical compounds except

the organic compounds

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the

properties and reactivity of all chemical elements

Industrial inorganic chemistry

Traditionally, the scale of a nation's economy
could be evaluated by their productivity of
sulfuric acid
Aluminium sulfate, ammonia,
Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate,
Chlorine,
hydrochloric acid,
Hydrogen,
hydrogen peroxide,
Nitric acid
and many others

Descriptive inorganic chemistry

Focuses on the classification of compounds

based on their properties. Partly the

classification focuses on the position in the
periodic table of the heaviest element (the
element with the highest atomic weight) in the
compound,

Periodic table

(Dmitri Mendeleev 1869)

Theperiodic tableis a tabular arrangement

of the chemical elements, organized on the

basis of their
Atomic number(number of protons in the

nucleus),
Electron configurations, and
Recurringchemical properties

Elements are presented in order of increasing

atomic number, which is typically listed with

thechemical symbolin each box

The standard form of the table consists of a

grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7

rows
The table can also be deconstructed into four

rectangularblocks: thes-blockto the left,

thep-blockto the right, thed-blockin the
middle, and thef-block below that.

The rows of the table are calledperiods;

the columns are calledgroups,
Some of these having names such as

halogensornoble gases.
A periodic table incorporatesrecurring trends,

the table can be used to derive relationships

between the properties of the elements and
predict the properties of new, yet to be

discovered or synthesized, elements

Periodic table
trends

Groups in periodic table

Agrouporfamilyis a vertical column in the

periodic table
Groups usually have more significant periodic
trends than periods and blocks

Group trends
Elements within the same group generally
have the same electron configurations in
theirvalence shell
Elements in the same group tend to have a

shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in

properties with increasing atomic number

From top to bottom in a group, the atomic radii

of the elements increase

Since there are more filled energy levels, valence

electrons are found farther from the nucleus.

From the top, each successive element has a

lower ionization energy

Because it is easier to remove an electron since the

atoms are less tightly bound.

From top to bottom there is a decrease in

Electronegativity

Due to an increasing distance between valence

electrons and the nucleus

Periods in periodic table

Aperiodis a horizontal row in the periodic table

Although groups generally have more significant

periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal
trends are more significant than vertical group trends

Moving left to right across a period, atomic

radius usually decreases

Because each successive element has an added

proton and electron which causes the electron to

be drawn closer to the nucleus
This decrease in atomic radius also causes the
ionization energy to increase

Electronegativity increases in the same

manner as ionization energy because of the pull

exerted on the electrons by the nucleus
Metals (left side of a period) generally have a

lower electron affinity than nonmetals (right

side of a period), with the exception of the
noble gases

Trends in periodic table

Electron configuration

Electronic configuration
It is the representation of the arrangement of

electronsdistributed among the orbital shells

and subshells
Many of the physical and chemical properties

ofelements can be correlated to their unique

electron configurations.
Thevalence

electrons, (electrons in the

outermost shell) are the determining factor for
the unique chemistry of the element

The four different types of orbitals(s, p, d,

and f)
S = 2 e p = 6 e

d = 10 e

f = 14 e

The electron configuration of each element is

unique to its position on the periodic table

The energy level is determined by the period

and thenumber of electrons is given by the

1 Orbit =
atomic
numbereof the element
2e
Orbit
st

Energy
Level

P
N

2nd Orbit =
8e3rd Orbit =
18e4th Orbit =
-

Assigning Electron Orbitals

Electrons fill orbitals in a way to minimize the

energy of the atom

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s,

4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,
and 7p

Electron Notation using s p d f

The total number of electrons in each energy

level is described by a superscript that follows

the relating energy level
For Helium = 1s2 (Z=2)
For Oxygen = 1s22s22p4
For Fluorine = 1s22s22p5
For bismuth =

(Z=8)
(Z=9)

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6
6s24f145d106p3 (Z=83)

The periodic table is used as a reference to

accurately write the electron configurations of

all atoms

Can you identify the following element

1s22s22p63s23p4
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6

Inorganic compounds as
Pharmaceutical aids and
necessities

water
Purified water,

water for injection, water as

vehicle etc

Pharmaceutical acceptable glass,

Acids and bases
Sodium Hydroxide,

phosphoric acid.

Topical Agents:
Protectives (Calamine,titanium dioxide, talc,
kaolin),
Astringents
Zinc oxide, Zinc Sulphate)

Anti-infectives
Boric Acid,
Hydrogen peroxide,
Iodine,
Povidone Iodine,
Potassium permanganate, Silver nitrate).
Dental Products:
Dentifrices-anti-caries agents (Sodium fluoride).

Antacids
Bismuth subcarbonate, Aluminiumhydroxide,
Calcium carbonate,
Magnesium hydroxide,
Magnesium oxide,
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium trisilicate,
Cathartics
Disodium hydrogen phosphate,
Magnesium sulphate and other Magnesium
compounds),

Protective and adsorbents

Activated Charcoal, Light Kaolin,
Aluminium sulphate
Miscellaneous Agents:
Expectorants (Ammonium chloride, Potassium
Iodide),
Antioxidants (Sodium metabisulphite)

Physiological ions / electrolytes

Physiological ions,
Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acidbase balance and combination therapy
(Calcium chloride, Calcium gluconate, Calcium
lactate, Calcium levulinate, Sodium dihydrogen
phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium
bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium
chloride, magnesium chloride).
Cationic and anionic components of inorganic

drugs useful for systemic effects.

Essential and Trace Elements:

Transition elements and their compounds of

pharmaceutical importance. Iron and

haematinics (Ferrous fumarate, Ferrous
gluconate, Ferrous sulphate, Ferric ammonium
citrate, iron polymaltose complex),
Mineral supplements (Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Sb, S, I).

Coordination compounds and complexation:

Study of such compounds used in therapy
including poison antidotes (Calcium folinate,
Sodium thiosulphate).

Inorganic Chemistry has applications in every

aspect of the chemical industryincluding

Catalysis,
Materials science,
Pigments,
Surfactants,
Coatings,
Medicine,
Fuel, and
Agriculture

Our everyday life could not be thought of without

large contributions from Inorganic Chemistry.

Most catalysts utilized in organic chemistry are

metal-based as are the conducting, semiconducting and insulating materials upon which
the electronics industry relies heavily.
Life on earth would not be possible were it not for

the metals in biological systems,

Such as iron in hemoglobin which has a pivotal role in
oxygen transport, and
The metal ions at the center of enzymes which help
regulate several biological processes

Home work activity

Google and write 1 paragraph for each of

following advance applications of inorganic

chemistry
Biomedical uses of lithium
Gold complexes with anti-arthritic, anti-tumour

and anti-HIV activity

Nitric oxide in physiology and medicine
Therapeutic aspects of manganese (II)-based
superoxide dismutase mimics
Vanadium compounds as possible insulin modifiers
Cisplatin-based Anticancer Agents
Dinuclear and trinuclear plantinum anticancer
agents

THANKING YOU