Cell Division: Mitosis &

Meiosis

Cell Division
All new cells come from previously existing cells. New cells
are formed by the process of cell division, which involves
both replication of the cell's nucleus (karyokinesis) and
division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

Cell Division
Cell division is a process by which a parent cell divides

into two or more daughter cells.

It is the process by which we grow and it is how our
body repairs and renews itself.
Cell division is of three types:
Amitosis
Mitosis
Meiosis

Binary Fission/ Amitosis

Most cells reproduce through some sort of Cell Division
Prokaryotic cells divide through a simple form of division

called Binary Fission

3 step process:
1. Single naked strand splits and forms a duplicate of
itself.
2. The two copies move to opposite sides of the cell
3. Cell pinches into two new and identical cells called
"daughter cells". (Cell wall then forms if applicable)

Eukaryotic Chromosome

Mitotic Spindle

Cell Cycle
Occurs between one cell

division & next.

Three main stages
interphase, mitosis &
cytokinesis.
Interphase encompasses
G1, S & G2 phases is the
period of synthesis &
growth.
Mitosis contains
prophase, metaphase,
anaphase & telophase.
Cytokinesis division of
cytoplasm.

Interphase
Encompass stages G1, S & G2
G1 growth stage
S synthesis stage
G2 time between DNA
Synthesis & Mitosis
Each chromosome exists as a
pair of chromatids joined together
by a centromere.

Mitosis Cell Division

Mitosis: Two daughter cells

form,
contain same Number of
chromosomes as mother cell
Contains four phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Prophase
Nuclear membrane disintegrates
Nuclelous disappears
Chromosomes condense
Chromatids joined at centromere
Centrioles begin migration to

poles
Mitotic spindle begins to form
between centrioles
Kinetochores begin to mature
and attach to spindle

Metaphase
Kinetochores attach

chromosomes to mitotic
spindle
Chromosomes are align

along the metaphase plate

Spindle fibers are now clearly

visible

Anaphase
Kinetochore microtubules shorten
Resulting in separation of

chromosomes to opposite poles

Polar microtubules elongate, preparing
cell for cytokinesis

Telophase
Nuclear envelope forms

around both sets of

chromosomes
DNA uncoils
Spindle & Astral fibers
completely disappear

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis happens with most (but not all)
cells
Cytoplasm & organelles move (mostly equally)
to either side of the cell. Cell Membrane
pinches to form 2 separate cells

Animal Cytokeneisis
Cytokenesis differs

significantly between Animal &

Plant cells.

With animals, the membranes

pinch together to form a

cleavage furrow, which
eventually fuses to form two
daughter cells

Plant Cytokinesis
With Plants, a cell wall must be formed between the 2

daughter cells.
Vesicles containing Cellulose form and fuse between the
two daughter cells, eventually forming a complete cell
wall.

Significance of
Mitosis

Genetic stability (In mitosis, the two cells will

each be genetically the same. )

Growth
Cell replacement
Regeneration
Asexual reproduction

Mitosis produces genetically identical cells

whereas meiosis does not.

Meiosis Cell Division

Meiosis: Reduces two sets of chromosomes to one set in
daughter cell.
Meiosis is a two-part cell division process

Meiosis I Reduction
Meiosis II Division
Results in 4 cells with 1/2 the normal genetic information

Meiosis I

Consist of four stages

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes further condense and pair
Crossing-over occurs
Spindle fibers form between centrioles
Spindle fibers move towards opposite poles

Crossing Over
Segments of homologous chromosomes break and

reform at similar locations.

Metaphase I
Microtuble spindle attaches to chromosomes
Homologus pairs align align equator

Anaphase I
Homologus pairs of chromosomes separate
Pairs move to opposite poles

Telophase I
One set of paired chromosomes arrives at each pole
Nuclear division begins
Nuclear membrane re-forms

Meiosis II
Consist of four stages

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

Prophase II
Chromosomes recondense
Spindle fibers form between centrioles
Spindle fibers move towards opposite poles

Metaphase II
Microtuble spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes
Chromosomes align along spindle

Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate
Chromatids move to opposite poles

Telophase II
Chromatids arrive at

each pole
Cell division begins

Significance Of Meiosis
Produce the gametes in sexually reproduce

organism.
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half,
enabling sexual recombination to occur.
Meiosis of diploid cells produces haploid daughter
cells, which may function as gametes.
Gametes undergo fertilization, restoring the
diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote
Restore the diploid number in genome.
produces haploid gametes so that the diploid
number of the species remains constant
generation after generation.
Increase genetic variation in population.

Significance Of Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Genetic variation

Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis

Meiosis

Occurs in somatic cells

Occurs in reproductive cells.

One single division of the mother cell.

Two divisions of the mother cell.

Chromosome number remains same

Chromosome number become halves

A mitotic mother cell can be either

diploid

A meiotic mother cell is always haploid

Two diploid daughter cells

Four haploid daughter cells

Genetically identical

Genetically different

Crossing over does not occur

No kiasma forms in this cell division.

Occurs crossing over

Occurrence of kiasma usually takes
place.
Nucleus is divided for two times but the
chromosome is divided for once
Usually complex

Nucleus and chromosome both are

divided once.
Usually simple

Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis

Than
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