Prudential Norms on Income

Recognition, Asset Classification &

Provisioning related to advances

Presented By:
Raunaq Warna
11020241096
Kripa S Nayak
11020241082
Vishal Kasi Vishwanath 11020241102

 As per the recommendations made by the Committee

whose Chairman was Shri M. Narasimham ,on the
Financial System, the Reserve Bank of India has
introduced, in a phased manner, prudential norms for
income recognition, asset classification and
provisioning for the advances portfolio of the banks .

These norms were In line with the international

practices , to move towards greater consistency and
transparency in the published accounts

Health code system

With the introduction of prudential norms on
27/04/1992
the Health Code-based system for classification of
advances has
ceased to be a subject of supervisory interest

Banks may, however, continue the system at their

discretion as a management information tool

Presentation flow
Part A General
Part B- Prudential guidelines on Restructuring of
Advances
Part C - Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief
Scheme, 2008 (ADWDRS)

NPAs
An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non performing
when it ceases to generate income for the bank
A non performing asset (NPA) is a loan or an advance where;
i. interest and/ or instalment of principal remain overdue for a
period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan
ii. the account remains out of order below, in respect of an
Overdraft/Cash Credit (OD/CC)
iii. the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days
in the
case of bills purchased and discounted
iv. the instalment of principal or interest thereon remains
overdue
for two crop seasons for short duration crops

vi. the instalment of principal or interest thereon remains

overdue for one crop season for long duration crops,
vii. the amount of liquidity facility remains outstanding for
more than 90 days, in respect of a securitisation
transaction undertaken in terms of guidelines on
securitisation dated February 1, 2006.
viii. in respect of derivative transactions, the overdue
receivables representing positive mark-to-market value of
a derivative contract, if these remain unpaid for a period of
90 days from the specified due date for payment.
Note:
Banks should, classify an account as NPA only if the
interest due and charged during any quarter is not serviced
fully within 90 days from the end of the quarter.

Out of order
The outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of
the sanctioned limit/drawing power
In cases where the outstanding balance in the principal
operating account is less than the sanctioned limit/drawing
power,but there are no credits continuously for 90 days as
on the date of Balance Sheet or credits are not enough to
cover the interest debited during the same period
ExampleSanctioned limit of Account = Rs 10,000
Drawing power of account = Rs 9000
Amount O/S continuously from 1.04.2012 to 30.06.2012
Rs 8000
Total interest debited Rs 2100
Total credits
Rs 1600
Since the credit in the account is not sufficient to cover
the interest debited during the period the account will be
said as NPA.

Income Recognition
Income from nonperforming assets (NPA) is not
recognised on accrual basis but is booked as income
only when it is actually received
The banks should not charge and take to income
account interest on any NPA.
Interest on advances against term deposits, NSCs,
IVPs, KVPs and Life policies may be taken to income
account on the due date, provided adequate margin is
available in the accounts

Reversal of income
If any advance, including bills purchased and
discounted, becomes NPA, the entire interest accrued
and credited to income account in the past periods,
should be reversed if the same is not realised. This
will apply to Government guaranteed accounts
also.

In respect of NPAs, fees, commission and similar

income that have accrued should cease to accrue in
the current period and should be reversed with
respect to past periods, if uncollected.

Asset Classification
Categories of NPAs
i. Substandard Assets -which has remained NPA for a period
less
than or equal to 12 months.
ii. Doubtful Assets- if it has remained in the substandard
category for a period of 12 months
iii. Loss Assets - where loss has been identified by the bank
or
internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the
amount has not been written off wholly

Guidelines for classification of

assets
Take into account the degree of well-defined credit
weaknesses and the extent of dependence on collateral
security for realisation of dues.
Banks should establish appropriate internal systems to
eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the
identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value
accounts
The classification of an asset as NPA should be based on the
record of recovery.
Bank should not classify an advance account as NPA merely
due to the existence of some deficiencies which are
temporary in nature such as non-availability of adequate
drawing power based on the latest available stock
statement

 Upgradation of loan accounts classified as NPAsIf arrears of interest and principal are paid by the borrower in
the
case of loan accounts classified as NPAs, the account should no
longer be treated as nonperforming and may be classified as
standard accounts.
Asset Classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise
All the facilities granted by a bank to a borrower and investment
in
all the securities issued by the borrower will have to be treated
as
NPA/NPI and not the particular facility/investment or part thereof
which has become irregular

Accounts where there is erosion in the value of security/frauds

committed by borrowers
In respect of accounts where there are potential threats for recovery,
such accounts should go through various stages of asset classification

In cases of such serious credit impairment the asset should be

straightaway classified as doubtful or loss asset as appropriate:-

The realisable value of the security is less than 50 per cent of

outstanding in the borrowal accounts such NPAs may be
straightaway classified under doubtful category
The realisable value of the security, as assessed by the bank is
less than 10 per cent of the outstanding in the borrowal
accounts, the asset should be straightaway classified as loss
asset

 Advances against Term Deposits, NSCs, KVP/IVP, etc

Advances against term deposits, NSCs eligible for surrender,
IVPs, KVPs
and life policies need not be treated as NPAs, provided adequate
margin
is available in the accounts
Loans with moratorium for payment of interest

In the case of bank finance given for industrial projects or for

agricultural plantations etc. where moratorium is available
for payment of interest, payment of interest becomes 'due'
only after the moratorium or gestation period is over.
In case of loans granted to staff members where interest is
payable after recovery of principal, interest need not be
considered as overdue from the first quarter onwards. NPA
only when there is a default in repayment of installment of
principal or payment of interest on the respective due dates

Government guaranteed advances

The credit facilities backed by guarantee of the Central

Government though overdue may be treated as NPA only
when the Government repudiates its guarantee when
invoked

This exemption from classification of Government

guaranteed advances as NPA is not for the purpose of
recognition of income

Project Loans
Project Loans for Infrastructure Sector

(i) A loan for an infrastructure project will be classified as NPA

during any time before commencement of commercial
operations as per record of recovery (90 days overdue)
(ii) If it fails to commence commercial operations within two
years from the original DCCO (Date of Commencement of
Commercial Operations)
Project Loans for Non-Infrastructure Sector

A loan for a non-infrastructure project will be classified as

NPA during any time before commencement of commercial
operations as per record of recovery (90 days overdue)
if it fails to commence commercial operations within six
months
from the original DCCO,even if is regular as per record
of recovery

Takeout Finance
The product emerging in the context of the funding of
long-term infrastructure projects.
If the lending institution observes that the asset has
turned NPA on the basis of the record of recovery, it
should be classified accordingly
The lending institution should not recognise income on
accrual basis and account for the same only when it is
paid by the borrower/ taking over institution (if the
arrangement so provides)
Taking over institution, on taking over such assets,
should make provisions treating the account as NPA from
the actual date of it becoming NPA even though the
account was not in its books as on that date

Export Project Finance

In cases, where the lending bank is able to establish
through documentary evidence that the importer has
cleared the dues in full by depositing the amount in
the bank abroad before it turned into NPA in the books
of the bank, but the importer's country is not allowing
the funds to be remitted due to political or other
reasons, the asset classification may be made after a
period of one year from the date the amount was
deposited by the importer in the bank abroad.

Provisioning Norms
General
The bank managements and the statutory auditors are
responsible for making adequate provisions for any
diminution in the value of loan assets, investment or
other assets

The bank management and the statutory auditors

before taking a decision in regard to making adequate
and necessary provisions in terms of prudential
guidelines use the assessment made by the inspecting
officer of the RBI

Provisioning for Loss assets

- Loss assets should be written off.
- If loss assets are permitted to remain in the books for any reason,
100
percent of the outstanding should be provided for

Provisioning for Doubtful assets-100 percent of the extent to which the advance is not covered by
the realisable value of the security to which the bank has a valid
recourse and the realisable value is estimated on a realistic basis.
- In regard to the secured portion, provision may be made on the
following basis, at the rates ranging from 20 percent to 100
percent of the secured portion depending upon the period for
which the asset has remained doubtful

Provisioning for Substandard assets A general provision of 10 percent on total outstanding should be made
The unsecured exposures which are identified as substandard would
attract additional provision of 10 per cent.
The provisioning requirement for unsecured doubtful assets is 100 per
cent.
Provisioning for Standard assets
Banks are required to make general provision for standard assets at the
following rates for the funded outstanding on global loan portfolio basis:
(a) direct advances to agricultural and SME sectors at 0.25 %;
(b) advances to Commercial Real Estate (CRE) Sector at 1.00 %;
(c) all other loans and advances not included in (a) and (b) above at
0.40 %

Additional Provisions for NPAs at

higher than prescribed rates
A bank may voluntarily make specific provisions for
advances at rates which are higher than the rates
prescribed under existing regulations, to provide for
estimated actual loss in collectible amount

Such higher rates are approved by the Board of

Directors and consistently adopted from year to
year

Provisions on Leased Assets

Substandard assets
a) 10 percent of the sum of the net investment in the
lease and the unrealised portion of finance income net
of finance charge component
b) Unsecured lease exposures, which are identified as
substandard would attract additional provision of 10 % ,
i.e., a total of 20 %
Doubtful assets
a)100 percent of the extent to which, the finance is not
secured by the realisable value of the leased asset
Loss assets
a) The entire asset is required to be written off

Guidelines for Provisions under

Special Circumstances
Advances granted under rehabilitation packages
approved by BIFR/term lending institutions
(i) For advances under rehabilitation package approved
by BIFR/Term lending institutions, the provision should
continue to be made in respect of dues to the bank on
the existing credit facilities as per their classification as
substandard or doubtful asset.
(ii) As regards the additional facilities sanctioned as per
package finalised by BIFR and/or term lending
institutions, provision on
additional facilities
sanctioned need not be made for a period of one year
from the date of disbursement.

Provisioning for country risk

Banks are required to make provisions, on the net
funded country exposures on a graded scale ranging
from 0.25 to 100 percent according to the risk categories
mentioned below
Provisioning
Risk category

Requirement
ECGC Classification
cent)

Insignificant

A1

0.25

Low

A2

0.25

Moderate

B1

High

B2

20

Very high

C1

25

Restricted

C2

100

Offcredit

100

(per

Reserve for Exchange Rate Fluctuations Account (RERFA)

The outstanding amount of foreign currency
denominated loans will increase if the exchange rate
movements of the Rupee turns adverse.
In such cases the assets needs to be revalued as followsThe loss on revaluation of assets has to be booked in
the bank's Profit & Loss Account
Besides the provisioning requirement as per Asset
Classification, banks should treat the full amount of the
Revaluation Gain relating to the corresponding assets, if
any, on account of Foreign Exchange Fluctuation as
provision against the particular assets.

Provisioning Coverage Ratio

It is essentially the ratio of provisioning to gross NPAs
and indicates the extent of funds a bank has kept
aside to cover loan losses
At present, the provisioning requirements for NPAs
range between 10 per cent and 100 per cent of the
outstanding amount, depending on the age of the
NPAs and the security available
The PCR should be disclosed in the Notes to Accounts
to the Balance Sheet.

Guidelines on sale of Financial Assets to

Securitisation Company/Reconstruction
company(RC)
Applicable to sale of Financial Assets(e.g. Loans) by
banks/FIs for asset reconstruction/ securitisation.
Guidelines to be followed by banks while selling their
financial assets to SC/RC and also while investing in
securities offered by the SC/RC.
Groups of the prudential guidelines:
Financial assets which can be sold
Procedure for sale including valuation and pricing aspects
Norms(provisioning, capital adequacy and exposure
related)
Disclosure requirements.

Financial assets which may be sold

A NPA

A Standard Asset where:

The Asset is under a consortium
At least 75% of the value of the asset is classified as NPA in
the books of the other banks/FIs
Atleast 75% of the others have agreed to its sale.

Procedure for Sale

SARFAESI Act allows the acquisition of financial assets by SC/RC from any
bank/FI on the basis of the terms and conditions agreed between them.

Sale can be either with recourse or without recourse(credit risk

transferred to the SC/RC)

Banks should ensure that the sale is conducted in a prudent manner in

accordance with the board.

They should ensure that subsequent to the sale, banks do not assume
any operational or legal risk.

Sale consideration to banks could be cash or bonds(classified as

investment in the books of banks) or debentures.

For specific financial assets, banks may enter into agreements with
SC/RC to share any surplus realised by the SC/RC on the realisation of
the concerned asset.

Norms

Provisioning/Valuation norms
When the banks sells its financial assets to SC/RC, the same will
be removed from its books.

If the sale price is below the Net Book Value(Book Value less
provisions), the shortfall should be debited to the P&L account of
that year.

When banks/FIs invest in the securities issued by SC/RC, it is

recognised in its books as the lower of:
Redemption value
NBV of the financial asset

The investment should be carried in its books until its

sale/realisation.

Securities offered by SC/RC should satisfy

following conditions
Term<= 6 years
Rate of interest >=1.5% above the bank rate in force
Secured by an appropriate charge on the assets
Prepayment in part or full in case the SC/RC sells the asset
backing it before the maturity date
Unconditional commitment by SC/RC to redeem the
security
Notice of any transfer of security should be issued to SC/RC

 All instruments received by the banks from SC/RC will be

in the nature of non-SLR securities.
Valuation norms would thus be in accordance with those
issued by RBI for non-SLR securities.
Exposure Norms
In view of the extra ordinary nature of event, banks/FIs
will be allowed in the initial years to exceed prudential
exposure ceiling on a case-to-case basis.

Banks selling such financial assets are required to make

disclosures in their Notes on Accounts to their Balance
Sheet

Guidelines on purchase/sale of
NPAs(Financial)

Aim: To increase the option available to banks to resolve their

NPAs and to develop a healthy secondary market.

Applicable to Banks/FIs/NBFCs purchasing/selling

NPAs(financial) from/to other Banks/ FIs /NBFCs(excluding
RC/SC)

Similar grouping of guidelines: Procedure, Prudential Norms

and Disclosure requirements.

Norms

The Board should ensure that the bank should have adequate skills to
purchase the NPAs and that the purchase should be a value add to the
bank.

Appropriate systems and procedures should be in place to deal with

the risk.

Sale price should generally not be lower than the NPV of the estimated
cash flows associated with the realisable value of the available
securities net of the cost of realisation.

Subject to full recovery within 3 years, 10% of the estimated cash flows
should be realized in the first year and 5% in each half year thereafter.

A bank may purchase/sell its nonperforming financial assets only on

without recourse basis.

An NPA shall be eligible for sale to other banks only if it has

remained as an NPA for atleast 2 yrs in the books of the selling bank.

Consideration only on cash basis, entire payment upfront only after

which it can be off the books.

The purchasing bank should hold the NPA purchased for atleast 15
months before passing it to other banks.

Asset Classification Norms

NPAs may be classified as Standard in the books of the purchasing
bank for a period of 90 days. Post that, the asset classification status
shall be determined on the basis of the recovery vis--vis the
estimated cash flows.

Any restructure of the repayment schedule or the estimated cash

flow shall render the account as a non performing asset.

Provisioning norms for the books of the selling bank same as

described earlier. In the books of the purchasing bank, the NPA shall
attract a provisioning requirement as per its asset classification
status.

Recoveries in excess of acquisition cost can be recognised as profit.

For the purpose of capital adequacy, 100% risk weights should

be assigned to the NPAs from other banks.

In case the NPA purchased is an investment, it would attract capital

charge for market risks too. For NBFCs other relevant instructions
applicable.

The purchasing bank should ensure compliance with the prudential

exposure ceilings .

The purchasing bank shall furnish all relevant reports to RBI, CIBIL
etc. In respect of the NPAs purchased by it.

Income from these investments are taxable.

Agricultural Debt Waiver & Debt

Relief Scheme,2008(ADWDRS)

Guidelines pertaining to IRAC, Provisioning and Capital Adequacy

applicable to loans covered by this scheme.

The entire eligible amount shall be waived in the case of a small and
marginal farmer, while in case of other farmers, a rebate of 25% will be
given provided the farmer repays the balance 75%.

In case of the small & marginal farmers, the amount eligible for the waiver
may be transferred by banks to a separate account Amount receivable
from Government of India under Agricultural Debt Waiver Scheme 2008

Balance in this a/c to be treated as a performing asset provided adequate

provision is made for the loss in PV terms, assuming that the payments
would be received from the GOI in installments.

Any excess provision can be reversed in a phased manner.

Any amount outstanding in the account Amount receivable from

Government of India under Agricultural Debt Waiver Scheme 2008 is a
claim on the Government and would attract a zero risk weight for the
purpose of capital adequacy norms, whereas the amount outstanding in
the accounts covered in the Debt Relief Scheme is a claim on the
borrowers and risk weighted as per the norms.

Restructuring of Loans &

Advances

Introduction
RBI issues various guidelines governing the
restructuring of advances(other than those restructured
on account of natural calamities) which are as follow :
i. Guidelines on restructuring of advances extended to
industrial units.
ii. Guidelines on restructuring of advances extended to
industrial units under the Corporate Debt
Restructuring (CDR) Mechanism
iii. Guidelines on restructuring of advances extended to
Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)
iv. (iv) Guidelines on restructuring of all other
advances.

Introduction
The different guidelines are based on whether the
borrower undertakes industrial or non-industrial activities.
Borrowers engaged in industrial activities get the benefit
of asset classification on restructuring along with SMEs
engaged in non-industrial activities.
The CDR Mechanism is available to the borrowers
engaged in industrial activities along with corporates
involved in non-industrial activities.
Also 'standard' advances should be re-classified as 'substandard' immediately after restructuring.

General Principles and

Prudential Norms for
Restructured Advances

Eligibility criteria for restructuring of

advances
Banks are allowed to restructure accounts classified
standard, sub-standard and doubtful categories.
Banks are not allowed to reschedule/ restructure/
renegotiate the borrowers account with retrospective
effect.
Restructuring of advances cannot take place unless
changes in loan agreement is proposed by debtor via
written application. Also the process can be initiated in
case of deserving cases upon agreement of the
customer.

Eligibility criteria for restructuring of

advances
Banks would not restructure any account unless the
financial viability and certainty of repayment by
borrower is established.
Borrowers committing frauds and malfeasance will
remain ineligible for restructuring although bank may
review their status in case the classification was not
transparent.
BIFR cases are not eligible for restructuring without
their express approval.

Asset classification norms

Restructuring of advances takes place in the following
stages:
(a)
before
commencement
production/operation;

of

commercial

(b) after commencement of commercial production/

operation but before the asset has been classified as
'sub-standard';
(c)
after
commencement
of
commercial
production/operation and the asset has been classified
as 'sub-standard' or 'doubtful'.

Asset classification norms

Restructuring would result in classification of standard
assets as sub-standard assets.
NPAs upon restructuring, would continue to have the
same asset classification as prior to restructuring and
slip into further lower asset classification categories with
reference to the pre-restructuring repayment schedule.
Restructured
accounts
classified
as
NPA
upon
restructuring would be eligible for up-gradation to the
'standard' category after observation of 'satisfactory
performance.

Asset classification norms

In case of NPAs if satisfactory performance is not observed
the asset classification of the restructured account would
be governed as per the applicable prudential norms.
Any additional finance may be treated as 'standard asset',
up to a period of one year after the first interest / principal
payment, whichever is earlier, falls due under the
approved restructuring package.
In the case of accounts where the pre-restructuring
facilities were classified as 'sub-standard' and 'doubtful',
interest income on the additional finance should be
recognised only on cash basis.

Asset classification norms

In case a restructured asset, which is a standard asset on
restructuring, is subjected to restructuring on a
subsequent occasion, it should be classified as
substandard.
If the restructured asset is a sub-standard or a doubtful
asset and is subjected to restructuring and its asset
classification is reckoned from the date when it became
NPA on the first occasion.
Advances restructured on second or more occasion may
be allowed to be upgraded to standard category after one
year from the date of first payment of interest.

Income recognition norms

Subject to provisions which lay the criteria for
satisfactory performance, interest income in
respect of restructured accounts classified as
'standard assets' will be recognized on accrual
basis and that in respect of the accounts
classified as 'non-performing assets' will be
recognized on cash basis.

Provisioning norms
Banks hold provisions against the restructured advances
as per the existing provisioning norms.
Provision for diminution
restructured advances

in

the

fair

value

of

Reduction in the rate of interest of the repayment of principal

amount, as part of the restructuring, will result in diminution in the
fair value of the advance.
In the case of working capital facilities, the diminution in the fair
value of the cash credit / overdraft component may be calculated by
reckoning the higher of the outstanding amount.
In the event any security is taken in lieu of the diminution in the fair
value of the advance, it should be valued at Re.1/- till maturity of
the security.

Continued
The diminution in the fair value may be re-computed on each
balance sheet date till satisfactory completion of all repayment
obligations and full repayment of the outstanding in the
account.
Banks may provide for the shortfall in provision or reverse the
amount of excess provision held in the distinct account.

The total provisions required against an account

(normal provisions plus provisions in lieu of diminution
in the fair value of the advance) are capped at 100%
of the outstanding debt amount.

Prudential Norms for

Conversion of Principal
into Debt / Equity

Asset classification norms

The FITL / debt or equity instrument created by
conversion of unpaid interest will be classified
in the same asset classification category in
which the restructured advance has been
classified. Further movement in the asset
classification of FITL / debt or equity
instruments would also be determined based on
the subsequent asset classification of the
restructured advance.

Income recognition norms

Income generated by these instruments may be recognised on
accrual basis.
The unrealised income represented by FITL / Debt or equity
instrument should have a corresponding credit in an account
styled as "Sundry Liabilities Account (Interest Capitalization)".
In the case of conversion of unrealised interest income into
equity, interest income can be recognised once account is
upgraded to standard category.
Only on repayment in case of FITL or sale / redemption
proceeds of the debt / equity instruments, the amount
received will be recognized in the P&L Account. Depreciation if
any charged to Sundry Liabilities Account.

Special Regulatory
Treatment for Asset
Classification

 Special regulatory treatment for asset classification is

available to borrowers engaged in important business
activities. Such treatments are not extended to the
following categories of advances:
i. Consumer and personal advances;
ii. Advances classified as Capital market exposures;
iii. Advances classified as commercial real estate exposures

The special regulatory treatment has the following two

components :
(i) Incentive for quick implementation of the restructuring package.
(ii) Retention of the asset classification of the restructured account
in the
pre-restructuring asset classification category

Other Guidelines and

Disclosures

 The banks should decide on the issue regarding

convertibility (into equity) option as a part of restructuring
exercise whereby the banks / financial institutions shall
have the right to convert a portion of the restructured
amount into equity, keeping in view the statutory
requirement.
Acquisition of equity shares / convertible bonds /
convertible debentures in companies by way of
conversion of debt / overdue interest can be done without
seeking prior approval from RBI.
Acquisition of non-SLR securities by way of conversion of
debt is exempted from the mandatory rating requirement.

 Banks may consider incorporating in the approved

restructuring packages creditor's rights to accelerate
repayment and the borrower's right to pre-pay.
Banks should also disclose in their published annual
Balance Sheets, under "Notes on Accounts", information
relating to number and amount of advances restructured,
and the amount of diminution in the fair value of the
restructured advances.
Banks must disclose the total amount outstanding in all the
accounts / facilities of borrowers whose accounts have been
restructured along with the restructured part or facility.

Reference
RBI Circular on Income Recognition,
Asset Classification and Provisioning
2010,2011,2012