THE URINARY SYSTEM

AND HOMEOSTASIS
ACHMAD AMIUDDIN

THE URINARY SYSTEM AND

HOMEOSTASIS

The urinary system contributes to homeostasis

by altering blood composition, Ph, volume and
pressure ; maintaining blood osmolarity ;ing
hormon excreting wastes and foreign
substances ; and produc

FUNCTINS OF THE URINARY

SYSTEM

The kidney regulate blood volume and

composition, help regulate blood pressure,
synthesize glucose, release erythropoietin,
participate in vitamin D synthesis, and excrete
wastes in the urine.
The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to
the urinary bladder.
The urinary bladder stores urine.
The urethra discharges urine from the body.

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS

Regulation of blood ionic composition
Help regulate the blood level of Na+ , K+, Ca2+ , Cland PO4 2 Regulation of blood Ph
The kidney excrete H+, and conserve HCO3- , which
are an important buffer of H+ in the blood
Regulation of blood volume.
The kidney adjust blood volume by conserving or
eliminating water in the urine.

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY

Regulation of blood pressure
Secreting the enzyme renin, which activates
the renin angiotensin aldosteron pathway
Maintenance of blood osmolarity
By separately regulating loss of water and loos
of solutes in the urine, the kidney maintain a
relatively costant blood osmolarity close to
300 milliosmoles perliter.
Production of hormone

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS

Production of hormone
Calcitrol, the active form of vitamin D, help
regulate calcium homeostasis,
Erythropoietin, stimulates production of RBC
Regulation of blood glucose level
The kidney can use the amono acid glutamine
in gluconeogenesis, and then release glucose
into the blood
Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS

Excretion of wastesand foreign substances

- By forming urine, the kidney help excrete
wastes.
- Ammonia and urea from the deamination of
amino acid.
- Bilirubin from the catabolism of haemoglobin
- Creatinin from the break down of creatin
phosphate in muscle fibers.
- Uric acid from the catabolism of nucleic acid.
- Foreign substances from the diet.

THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF

THE NEPHRON
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Water and most solutes in blood plasma move across
the wall of glomerular cappilaries into the glomerular
capsule and then into the renal tubule.
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Tubule cells reabsorb about 99 % of the filtered water
and many useful solutes. The water and solutes return
to the blood as it flow through the peritubular
cappilaries and vasa recta. Proximal convoluted tubu
le cells make the largest contribution.

THE THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS

OF THE NEPHRONS

TUBULAR SECRETION
The tubule and duct cells secrete other material
such as hydrogen ion ( H ),K , ammonium ion
( NH4+ ), creatinin and certain drugs.
Tubular secretion has twoimportant out comes
1. The secretion of H+ help control Ph.
2. Help elimination.

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

The daily volume of glomerular filtrate in

adult is about 150 lters in females and 180
liters in males.
More than 99 % of the glomeular filtrate return
to the blood stream via tubular reabsorption, so
only 1 2 liters are excreted as urine.

THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE

Permits filtration of water and small solutes
but prevents filtration of most plasma protein,
blood cells and platelets
1. Glomerular endothelial cells.
2. The basal lamina.
3. Podocyte and pedicels

GLOMERULAR
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Large fenestrations ( 70 100 nm ).

Permits all solutes in blood plasma to exit
glomerular cappilary, but prevents filtration of
blood cells and platelets.
In the cleft between afferent and efferent
arterioles are mesangial cells , help regulate
glomerular filtration

THE BASAL LAMINA AND

PODOCYTE
BASAL LAMINA
Consists of minute collagen figer and proteoglycans in
a glycoprotein matrix.
Prevents filtration of large plasma proteins.
PODOCYTES AND PEDICELS
The space between pedicells are are the filtration slits.
The slit membrane, extends acros each filtration slit; it
permits the passage of molecules having diameter
smaller than 6 7 nm , including water, glucose,
vitamins , amino acid,very small plasma proteins,
ammonia, urea and ions

THE GLOMERULAR FILRATE

IS MUCH LARGE

Glomerular cappilaries present a large surface

area for filtration. The mesangial cells regulate
how much of this surface is afailable.
The filtration membrane is thin and porous.
Glomerular cappilary blood pressure is high.

NET FILTRATI0N PRESSURE

Fig 26,9

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
RATE

The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal

corpuscles of both kidneys each minute.
The mechanisms that regulate the glomerular
filtration rate operate in two main ways ;
1. by adjusting blood flow into and outthe of the
glomerulus.
2. by altering the glomerular capillary surface
area available for filtration.
Three mechanisms control GFR : renal
autoregulation,renal regulation and hormonal
regulation

RENAL AUTOREGULATION OF
GFR.

The kidneys help maintain a constant renal

blood flow and GFR despite normal, everyday
changes in blood pressure, like those that
occur during exercise.
Renal autoregulation consists of two
mechanisms
- myogenic mechanism.
- tubuloglomerular feed back.

TEH MYOGENIK MECHANISM

Major stimulus
Increased streching of smooth muscle fibers in
affrent arteriole wall due to increased b.p.
Mechanism and site of action
Stretched smooth muscel fibers contract,
thereby narrowing the lumen of the afferent
arterioles
Effect on GFR : decreased

Fig 26.10

NEURAL REGULATION
Major stimulus
Increase in level of activity of renal
sympathetic nerves releases norepinephrine
Mechanism and site of action
Constrict of afferent arteriles through
activation of 1 receptors and increased
release of renin.
Effect on GFR : decrease.

Angiotensin II regulation
Major stimulus
Decreased blood volume or blood preesure
stimulates production of angiotensin II
Mechanismm and site of action
Constriction of both afferent and efferent
aterioles
Effect on GFR : decrease.

Atral natriuretic peptide regulation

Major stiulus
Stretching of the atria of the heart stimulates
secretion of ANP
Mechanism and site of action
Relaxation of mesangial cells in glomerulus
increases capillary surface area andavailable
for filtration
Effect on GFR : increase

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

table 26.3

Fig 26.11

Fig 26.12

Fig 26.13 a

26.13 b

Fig 26.14

fig 26.15

Fig 26.16

Fig 26.17

ANGIOTENSIN II
Stimuli
Low blood volume,or low blood pressure
stimulates renin-induced production of
angiotensin II
Mechanism and site of action
Stimulates activity of Na+/H+ antipoters in
proximal tubulus cells
Effects
Increases reabsorption of Na+, other solutes,
and water, which increase blood volume

ALDOSTERON
Major stimul.
Increase angiotensin II level and increaselevel
of plasma K+ promote release of aldosteron.
Mechanism and site of action
Enhaces activity of sodium-potassium pumps
in basolateral membrane and Na+ chanels in
apical membrane of principal cells
Effects
Increases secretion of K+ and secretion of
Na+, Cl ; increase reabsorption of water,
which increase blood volume.

ADH or vasopressin
Major stimuli
Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid or
decreased blood volume promote release of
ADH from the posterior pituitary gland
Mechnism and site of action
Stimulates of insertion of water-channel
proteins into the apical membrane of principal
cells
Effects
Increases facultative reabsorption of water,
which decreases osmolarity of body fluids

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE

Major stimuli
Stretching of atriaof heart stimulates secretion of ANP
Mechanism and site of action
Suppresses reabsorption of Na+ and water in proximal
tubule and collecting duct, also inhibits secretion of
aldosteron and ADH
Effects
Increases excretion of Na+ in urine; increases urine
output and thus decreases blood volume