CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

* STEEL IN

ARCHITECTURE
1

Presented by :Ar. MOHAMMED AZMATULLAH

M.Arch , Building Services
J.M.I. New Delhi.

HISTORY OF STEEL IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

Steel
Steel is
is crucial
crucial in
in development
development
economy
economy and
and is
is considered
considered as
as backbone
backbone
human
human civilization.
civilization.

Steel Buildings Symbol of

Modern Architecture
Mill at Derby- 1793
By William Strut, wooden beams sheeted in
iron

of
of
of
of

1780-1840 Cast Iron

Arched shaped bridges up to
30 m span
1840-1890 Wrought Iron
Span up to 100 m

Dithering Flax Mill-1797

first fully
integrated iron-framed building, oldest
iron framed building in the world, by
Charles Bage

1870-1920 Bessemer Converter

Intro. Carbon Steel
1920- To
Date

Third most popular material

after Concrete and Timber

Important milestones in Architecture

was
development of iron and steel in
M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi
construction.

HISTORY OF STEEL AROUND THE WORLD

Orrells Mill-1834
by
William
Fairbairn,
Hollow circular cross section
in it cast iron columns

Cristalpalace.1851
bySir Joseph Paxton,
Exhibition
building,
564m long, with an
interior height of 39m

E.V. Haughwout Building -1840

by Daniel Badger Cast iron faade
became popular replaced masonry
Wall

First
First Leiter
Leiter Building
Building 1879
1879
by
by William
William LeBaron
LeBaron
Building
constructed
Building constructed with
with a
a
skeleton
frame
castskeleton
frame
castironcolumns
supporting
ironcolumns
supporting
wrought-iron
wrought-iron beams
beams
19th Century Train Station (3-hinge arch)

SPECIALLY
DESIGNED
TO
WITHSTAN
D
WIND
LOADS

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

Metropolitan Life tower -1909

HISTORY OF STEEL AROUND THE WORLD

John
Hancock
Center 1969
Used the KHAN
inspired
TrussedTube bracing
Bruce Graham

WTC 1972 Minoru Yamasaki

Most famous examples
of khans framed Tube system,
hollow tube made of Heavy
steel box column.
Columns were welded to
steel beam at each floor
creating a stiff Lattice like
structure.

Sears Tower-1974
Designed by both
khan
Graham,
bundled
tube
system,
Remains
tallest building for
over 20 years.

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

World 1st bridge

1779

By this we have
been
able
to
Javits
Convention
Javits Convention
construct
Center
U.S
Center U.S
Stronger
and
Architect:
Architect: II M
M Pei
Pei 1986
1986
taller structures,
New Method based in
while using less
industrialization
Materials.
DRYCONSTRUCTION
4
RATIONAL
SUSTAINABILITY
RECIYCLING

STEEL IN INDIAN BACKGROUND

* Steel

buildings and bridges were being built in the latter part of the 19th century
and early 20th century during the British era,
The Howrah Bridge is a cantilever bridge
West Bengal,1942, Total length 705 m

In the post-independence era, in the

1950s, steel traditionally used to set up
public and private factories, plants,
ports, railways, etc

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

C.S.T Mumbai

its
its inherent
inherent properties
properties
ensured
that
it
ensured
that
it
commanded
commanded a
a high
high level
level
of
comfort
with
of
comfort
with
engineers.
engineers.

Essentially
structures
in
which
Essentially
structures
in
which
architecture
architecture plays
plays an
an insignificant
insignificant role
role
and
and projects
projects largely
largely managed
managed by
by
engineering
engineering professionals
professionals from
from design
design
to
to construction.
construction.
This
This usage
usage pattern
pattern continued
continued up
up to
to the
the
1990s.
1990s.
5

* THE FUTURE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA

Usage of structural steel is currently driven by
exception rather than practice.

The buildings in India is presently

dominated by concrete.
The industry and infrastructure are currently the The building segment has been slow
to adopt.
main contributing to the overall demand of steel
structures in India.
This is expected to change in the
future,
Work in Progress

World Architecture Award Winner.

The corporate is designed to be a state of the
art steel building which uses the least amount of
energy and resources possible in its day to day
functioning.
New
New trend:trend:Structural
Structural steel
steel selectively
selectively used
used in
in the
the construction
construction of
of
high-rise
high-rise buildings
buildings with
with 2-4/
2-4/ projects/
projects/ year
year in
in India,
India,
M.ArchJ.M.I.
New
Delhi
6
mainly
in
metropolitan
cities
those
are
constrained
mainly in metropolitan cities those are constrained by
by
limited
limited land
land availability.
availability.
Volvo-Eicher headquarters GURGAON, NCR

* STEEL IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

Today
Today steel
steel buildings
buildings are
are best
best known
known
for
for
* diversity
diversity of
of their
their shapes
shapes
* their
their architectural
architectural expressiveness.
expressiveness.
* Which
Which make
make them
them more
more reliable
reliable than
than
other
other types
types of
of structures.
structures.
Steel Usage :
-Facades
- Bridges
- Roofing
- Entrances
- Windows and Doors
- Interiors
- Streetscapes
- Sculpture

The evolution of steel frame construction

in the 20th century entirely changed the
concept of the Wall and the support.
Grades

Usage profile

DUPLEX

Corrosive / marine environments

316

Mostly exteriors where close to seaside / corrosive

environment roofing, facia and cladding

304

430

Low Ni

Interiors, Exteriors, Roofing,

Railings, cladding and aesthetic embellishments
Interior usages, false ceilings, trims and decorative
furnishings
Interior usages, railings and other
embellishments involving less draw in non corrosive
environment

steel buildings have evolved into various

specific types
which can be storage, places of work,
steel
is J.M.I.
used
for buildings for both living
M.ArchNew Delhi
7
accommodation, and others.
practical and aesthetic reasons
Steel

is typical because of high tensile

and compressive strengths

STEEL IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

Due

to the high strength of steel, the

strength of these buildings is unmatched
compared to other building materials.
It is essential when one desires to have a
building with a strong foundation for use
with long life.

Next, steel buildings save time and

money as compared to conventional
building systems.

TheCCTV

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

Headquartersis a 234m, 44storyskyscraper, in China

Towers Lean at 60o angles and kink at right
angles at the top
Cantilever overhang starts after 36 floors and
is 13 floors high.
8

The towers cantilever 75m outwards

STEEL IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE INDIA

* Living
Ready
Living Steel
Steel Restello
Restello
Ready to
to go
go to
to market
market in
in Kolkata,
Kolkata, India.
India.
* Restello
Restello the
the steel
steel apartment,
apartment, by
by UK
UK architects
architects Piercy
Piercy Conner
Conner
* Winner
Winner of
of the
the Living
Living Steel
Steel International
International Architecture
Architecture Competition
Competition in
in 2006,
2006,
The scheme won not only because of its bold, elegant design, but because of the
strong concept of cross-ventilation and solar-shading

The steel used in this building fits the climate

Of Kolkata Dampness is the major factor . skin of
the building comprises one permeable outer
layer of perforated steel screens, and a second Galvanized and painted steels are used for
innerM.Archskin of
floor
ceiling glazing.
J.M.I.
Newto
Delhi
9corrosion protection and to ensure a long life
for the apartments.

* Sendai Mediatheque
* Itis

a library inSendai,Japan.
It was designed byToyo Itoin
1995 and completed in 2001.
* The Sendai Mediatheque is a
mixed-program public facility
building.
* The Mediatheque's seven levels
of facilities offer a range of
services
including
a
conventional
book-lending
library, collection of film and
audio recordings with stations
for viewing and editing, a
theatre, a cafe.
A
A forest
forest of
of 13
13 non-uniform
non-uniform
appear
appear to
to rise
rise fluidly
fluidly through
through
M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

CASE STUDY
The
The seven
seven platforms
platforms are
are supported
supported by
by
what
Ito
calls
"characterizing"
what
Ito
calls
"characterizing"
architectural
architectural elements
elements

tubes
tubes which
which
the
the building.
building.
10

Floor area 21,682 m

The most striking structural elements are the

tubes, composed of thick steel pipes; they range
in size from 7 to 30 feet In diameter.

Structure and materials

The structure of the Sendai Mediatheque is
composed of three main elements: tubes,
plates and skin.

The floor slabs are composed of a

honeycomb like network of steel
sections in filled with light weight
Concrete, allows the plate to span
between irregularly spaced vertical
supports without beams, and
minimal thickness of the slab itself.

The
The four
four tubes
tubes closest
closest to
to the
the
outer
outer corners
corners of
of the
the plates
plates were
were
designed
designed to
to resist
resist a
a 400
400 year
year
M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi
earthquake,
earthquake,

while the others resist the vertical

gravity loads. As a test to its integrity, the
building survived the March 2011
11
earthquake
with little to no damage.

The tubes have vertical circulation of air,

water, electricity, light and people within
the building.

Because tubes creates link with the floor

they often glazed to provide fire
protection between floors

Tubes appear to be continuous, they were

actually
manufactured
in
floor-height
M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi
12
segments
and were assembled sequentially,
floor-by-floor.

SOME RECENT WORKS ON STEEL

Long
spans,
open
commercial office space

plan

Beijing Birds Nest Stadium

Volvo Eicher Building, India
By Ar. ROOMI KHOSLA

Cannon Place, London

Tubular steel in 6 story entrance

atrium at Tower Place, London

Broad
gate
Tower
M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi
London
spans
over
railway lines

13

JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU STADIUM

S.I.A. MUMBAI

STAINLESS MASTERPIECES/STEEL IN FACADES

CHRYSLER TOWERS, USA, Grade : 302

8 Spruce Street, By
Ghery
2011 BUILT YEAR
76 FLOORS
The south faade, is flat
but the other three
faades are rippled.

PETRONAS TOWERS K L,Grade :304 / 316

METRO RTA BLDG - TOKYO

Grade : SS 304
INDL ECONOMIST, CHENNAI
Grade : SS 304

Cloud Gate
M.ArchDelhi at Chicago
Designed
by J.M.I.
AnishNew
Kapur
10 mtr x 20 mtr x 13 mtr - Grade : SS 304

14

STEEL IN FACADES

Particularly well suited for the facades of

buildings, steel is a functional, practical,
and long lasting material with a universal
aesthetic appeal.

Different from double-grazing concept,

faade design using louver was
investigated for adapting climates,
effective to renew the design of the
building
SUN SHADING

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

EXTERIOR FACADES

15

LANDSCAPE FURNITURE

FLOOR GRATES

VERTICAL Columns

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

* PARKS & RECREATIONART & SCULPTURES

16

Because
of
its
exceptional
Because
of
its
exceptional
properties,
properties, It
It has
has been
been chosen
chosen for
for a
a
variety
variety of
of applications.
applications.

LARGE SPACES AND BEAMS USAGE

Service routing for

localized temperature
control though
regular web openings

Angelina beam

Arup Campus, Solihual

The use of long span sections for

buildings creates large, open and
flexible spaces.
Using steel columns instead of concrete
ones could deliver around 40 square
meters of additional floor area on 1000
Stiffened large web opening in a steel
square meter office floor plates.
beam, Routing through and between steel Thin floor systems allow appreciable gains
M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi
17
beams
in vertical space.

* DIAGRID STRUCTURES
The diagrid structural system has been widely used due to structural efficiency
potential provided by the unique geometric configuration.

Diagrid structures providing great

structural efficiency without vertical
columns

and aesthetic

save Approximately 20% of

structural steel weight when
Compared to a conventional
moment-frame structures.

Capital Gate
Fixing and joinery of
Steel section

Hearst Tower (New York City)

MyZeil
Germany

Diagrid is a design
Which
creates
triangular
structures with
M.ArchJ.M.I. New
Delhi
diagonal support beams.

30 St MaryAxeEngland
o This a system of triangulated beams,
18straight or curved, and horizontal rings
that together make up a structural
element for a skyscraper.

ADVANTAGE
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

The steel structure have high strength

hence, steel member can resist high load
with comparatively light weight
The steel members are gas and water tight
because of high density steel.
Steel members can be readily replaced or re
assembled increased sanitary conditions,
environment conservation, and flexibility
Steel offers design flexibility, Steel
structures are easy to install.
Steel
iscost effectiveand
rarely
fluctuates in price.
Steel allows for improved quality of
construction and less maintenance, while
offering improved safety and resistance.
High strength
Ductility
Choice of coatings
Can use In Different types
Durability
Zero maintenance
Lower Life Cycle Cost

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

DIS ADVANTAGE

* Heat

conductivity:
steel
conducts heat 310 times
more efficiently than wood.
* Corrosion: Faulty design
leads to thecorrosionofiron
and steel in buildings.
* However, it is weaker in fire
resistance for steel will lose
strength and deform serious
at higher temperature (at
600oC or above). This can be
improved by applying fire
resistant plaster

19

CONCLUSION

* Strong

internal demand and emphasis on developing infrastructure

can be expected to remain the foundation of Economic growth.
* Industry and infrastructure segments can be expected, the key
demand drivers for steel structures in India over the next 5 years.
* Presently, structural steel industry employs the on-site model of
fabrication for industry and infrastructure segments.
* Workshop delivery model is prevalent in PEB and buildings segment.
* Overall, there is good potential for steel structures in India owing
to robust economic growth, increased government spending on
infrastructure and change in mindset with regards to use of
structural steel in building.

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

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*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

atlassteels.com.au/site/pages/stainless-steel-in-architecture.php
buildingssteel.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/steel-buildings-history-to-latest-technology/
nickelinstitute.org/NickelUseInSociety/MaterialsSelectionAndUse/ArchitectureBuildingAndConstruction
/ArchitectureAndBuilding.aspx
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_building
e-architect.co.uk/india/living_steel_restello.htm
steelconstruction.info/Multi-storey_office_buildings
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel
cityrealty.com/nyc/financial-district/new-york-by-gehry-8-spruce-street/35081
visual.ly/evolution-impact-steel-architecture visual.ly/evolution-impact-steel-architecture
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrid
pritzkerprize.com/media/2013_media/images-download
mbss-india.com/News-Articles-Features/?p=268
indian-architects.com/en/projects/30777_Volvo_Eicher_Headquarter

M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

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REFERENCES.

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