Organizational Behavior

By : Anubha

 INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES 1:
PERSONALITY
Meaning; person situation debate;
psychological contracts; ability and
aptitude
Differences in personality; Heredity,
learning, culture as determinants
Personality traits and dimensions:
Approaches to understanding the
traits
Psychological solving behaviours
Personality traits
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Personality

How to define Personality

Difficult task?
Based on Individual influences How
we behave is based on Who we are?
And Situational influence In which we
operate
Abilities , Skills

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Personality
The unique and relatively stable pattern
of behaviour, thoughts and emotions
shown by individual.
Eg Optimistic, confident, friendly.
Ajim Premji 2000.. Powerful man of the
world, pleasant personality, down to
earth, integrity, excellence.
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Personality

A persons general style of

interacting with the world
People differ from one another
in ways that are relatively
consistent over time and place

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Characteristics
When we speak of personality we are
referring to each individual unique blend
of traits that is relatively stable over a
period of time.

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Personality
Definition
Sum total of all typical ways of
acting, feeling, and thinking that
makes a person different from all
others

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Personality
Personality word
word is
is derived
derived from
from the
the Latin
Latin
word
word persona
persona which
which means
means to
to speak
speak through.
through.
Fred
Fred Luthan
Luthan says
says Personality
Personality mean
mean how
how aa
person
person affects
affects other
other and
and how
how he
he understands
understands
and
and views
views himself
himself as
as well
well as
as the
the other
other pattern
pattern
of
of inner
inner and
and outer
outer measurable
measurable traits
traits and
and the
the
person-situation
person-situation interaction.
interaction.
Personality
Personality represent
represent the
the whole
whole person,
person,
includes
includes perception,
perception, learning,
learning, motivation.
motivation.

WHAT
WHAT

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Determinants
Determinants
Biological
Biological Factors
Factors ::
-Heredity
-Heredity from
from ancestor
ancestor to
to descendant
descendant
-Brain
-Brain Right
Right brain
brain and
and left
left brain
brain imapct
imapct on
on
individual
individual
-Physical
-Physical feature
feature External
External appearance
appearance
Family
Familyand
andSocial
SocialFactors
Factors::
Influenced
Influencedby
byhis
hisfamily
familyand
andsocial
socialgroup
group
Situational
Situationalfactor
factor::
Personality
Personalitymay
mayoften
oftenchange
changein
indifferent
differentsituation
situation
Other
Otherfactors
factors::
Interest
InterestHaving
Havingvarious
variousand
anddifferent
differenttaste
tastemakes
makes
personality
personality
Character
CharacterPrimarily
Primarilymeans
meanshonesty.
honesty.Esstential
Esstentialto
tostudy
studyboth
both
situation
situationand
andindividual
individualfor
foranalysing
analysingbehaviour.
behaviour.
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1-PSYCHO
1-PSYCHO SEXUAL
SEXUAL THEORY
THEORY (FREUD
(FREUD THEORY)
THEORY)
2-PSYCHOSOCIAL
2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
THEORY OF
OF ERIC
ERIC (( ERIKSON
ERIKSON
THEORY)
THEORY)
3-CHRIS
3-CHRIS ARGYRIS
ARGYRIS IMMATURITY
IMMATURITY (( MATURITY
MATURITY
THEORY)
THEORY)

Development
Development

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Psychoanalytic Theory
Freuds theory and views
Original interest in conversion disorder
Three levels of consciousness
Mind is iceberg; conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious mind
are levels
Repression (Domination) pushes
thoughts into unconscious

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Conscious
Contact with
outside world
Preconscious
Material just
beneath surface
of awareness
Unconscious
Well below surface
of awareness;
difficult to retrieve

Ego
Reality principle
Secondary process
thinking

Superego
Moral
imperatives
Ideals

Id
Pleasure principle
Primary process
thinking

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Freud: Personality has 3 parts

Life
and death
instincts

Primary
process
thinking
Libido

Id
Sexual,
aggressive
urges

Reality
principle

Ego
Pleasure
principle

The selfish
beast

Ego Ideal

Superego
The conscience

The executive

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This
This theory
theoryis
isbased
basedon
onnotion
notionthat
thatman
manis
ismotivated
motivatedby
by

an
anunseen
unseenforces
forcesthat
thatby
byconscious
consciousand
andrational
rationalthought.
thought.
ItIthas
has33aspect
aspect::ID
ID(pleasure
(pleasureprinciple),
principle),EGO
EGO(reality
(reality
principle),
SUPER
EGO
(societal
and
personal
norm)
principle), SUPER EGO (societal and personal norm)
There
Thereare
are44universal
universalstages
stagesof
ofpsycho
psychosexual
sexual
development
which
are
decisive
in
the
formation
development which are decisive in the formationof
of
personality

personality
ORAL
ORAL(first
(firstyear
yearof
oflife),
life),
ANAL
ANAL(second
(secondto
tothird
thirdyear
yearfocus
focuson
onlibidinal
libidinalenergy
energyshift
shift
from
mouth
to
anal
region),
from mouth to anal region),
PHALLIC
PHALLIC(focus
(focuson
onsexual
sexualgratification
gratificationshifts
shiftsto
toanother
another
erogenous
body
zone)
and
erogenous body zone) and
GENITAL
GENITAL(adult
(adulthood,
hood,interest
interestin
inthe
theopposite
oppositesex)
sex)

1-PSYCHO
1-PSYCHOSEXUAL
SEXUALTHEORY
THEORY(FREUD
(FREUDTHEORY)
THEORY)

2-15

Erikson
Eriksoncriticized
criticizedon
onthe
thesexual
sexualand
andbiological
biological
factors
in
the
developing
personality
factors in the developing personalitygiven
givenby
by
freud.
freud.
He
Heemphasized
emphasizedmore
moreon
onsocial
socialfactor
factorand
andgave
gave88
stages
stages
Infancy 1ststyrs - trust vs mistrust
Infancy 1 yrs - trust vs mistrust
Early childhood 2-3 yrs sense of autonomy

Early childhood 2-3 yrs sense of autonomy

Play Age 4-6 yrs creative & imaginative abilities
Play Age 4-6 yrs creative & imaginative abilities
dev
dev
School Age 6-12 yrs may learn new skills /
School Age 6-12 yrs may learn new skills /
inferiority
inferiority
Adolescence sense of identity
Adolescence sense of identity
Young Adulthood 20s intimacy vs isolation
Young Adulthood 20s intimacy vs isolation
Adult hood crises of generatively vs self
Adult hood crises of generatively vs self
absorption
absorption
Mature hood sense of wisdom
Mature hood sense of wisdom

2-PSYCHOSOCIAL
2-PSYCHOSOCIALTHEORY
THEORYOF
OFERIC
ERIC((ERIKSON
ERIKSONTHEORY)
THEORY)

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Personality
Personality of
of an
an individual
individual develops
develops along
along aa
continuum
continuum from
from immaturity
immaturity as
as an
an infant
infant to
to
maturity
maturity as
as an
an adult.
adult. Based
Based upon
upon latent
latent
characteristics
characteristics
Identified
Identified 77 characteristics
characteristics
Passive
Passive Active
Active
Dependence
Dependence Independence
Independence
Free
Free way
way of
of behaving
behaving Diverse
Diverse behaviour
behaviour
Shallow
Shallow Interest
Interest Deep
Deep Interest
Interest
Short
Short perspective
perspective Long
Long perspective
perspective
Subordinate
Subordinate position
position Superordinate
Superordinate position
position
Lack
Lack of
of self
self awareness
awareness Self
Self awareness
awareness

3-CHRIS
3-CHRISARGYRIS
ARGYRISIMMATURITY
IMMATURITY((MATURITY
MATURITYTHEORY)
THEORY)

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Personality
Trait theories
Five-factor model of personality traits
Five dimensions measured in personality
tests
Neuroticism (anxious, worrisome)
Extraversion (outgoing, social)
Openness (creative, daring)
Agreeableness (selfless, forgiving)
Conscientiousness (reliable, hardworking)
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5 dimension of personality
Extraversion A tendency to seek simulation
and to enjoy the company of other people
energetic, enthu, sociable, talkative at one end
and sober, reserved, silent, cautious on other
Agreeableness Tendency to be
compassionate (sympatric, feeling) towards
others. Good natured, cooperative, trusting,
helpful on one end and irritable, suspicious,
and uncooperative on other end.

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 Conscientiousness A tendency to show

self discipline, hard working to strive for
competencies and achievement. This
dimension ranges from well organized,
careful, self disciplined, responsible and
precise at one end and disorganized,
impulsive, careless and undependable at
other end.
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 Neuroticism A tendency to experience

unpleasant emotion easily. Poised, calm,
composed at one end to anxious, high
strung at other end.
Openness to experience - A tendency to
enjoy new experience and new ideas.
Imaginative, witty having broad intt at
one end and down to earth, simple,
narrow intt at other end

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Intelligence 3 types
1-Cognitive The ability to understand
completes ideas to adapt effectively to the
environment, to learn from experience, to
engage in various form of reasoning and to
overcome obstacle with careful thought.
Verbal Comprehension, reasoning, word
fluency, numerical ability, space visualization,
symbolic reasoning statistician, architect etc
** Making sense out of common sense
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 2 Practical Intelligence Adeptness at

solving practical problems of every day life.
Knowledge about how to get the things
done.
Action oriented Involves Knowing HOW
and opposed to knowing THAT.. Athlete
can perform well but not able to put in
words
Allows individual to achieve goals they
personally value
Acquired without direct help from others 2-23

 3 Emotional Intelligence A cluster of

skills relating to the emotional side life.
(Eg. The ability to recognize and
regulate our own emotions, ability to
recognize and influence others emotion,
self motivation , ability to form effective
long term relationship with others

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Human Diversity
Personality and culture
Personality influenced by culture
Individualistic culture (ie: U.S.)
emphasize individual rights and
characteristics
Feeling of pride, superiority
Seek own goals over those of others
More willing to use embarrassment and
aggression to prove oneself right
Free time often spent in solitary
(lonely)pursuits
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Human Diversity
Personality and culture
Collective cultures (ie: Japan, China, India)
emphasize individual in terms of rights,
duties, and expectations as member of a
group
Leisure time more often spent with family
Less aggressive in conflict; say things to
avoid embarrassment of others
Characterized as having close ties,
respectful, and friendly
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Personality Theories and Assessment

Human Diversity
All personality theories must consider
effects of culture
People of different cultures tend to differ
in some important ways
There is tremendous variation within
cultures
Collective and individualistic traits are
found among members of all cultures

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Consensus b/w Ability and Attitude

Ability Capacity to do physical and
intellectual tasks
Attitude Capacity to learn the ability to
do physical and intellectual tasks.
Aptitude is the ability to learn ability. If u
lack on either of them u tend to fail.

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How personalities differ

Heredity Genes predetermine an
individual physical characteristics.
Gender, race, size, appearance, health,
energy.
Individual learn and acquire knowledge,
ability, value, attitude and learn there
own motives. Over a period of time there
pattern behaviour become their
personality
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 Culture How individual, social sturcture

and culture belief influence one another

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16 PF- Jungian Aspect of MBTI

Source of energy
Extraverted
Characteristics
Act first, think/reflect later
Feel deprived when cutoff
from interaction with the
outside world
Usually open to and
motivated by outside world
of people and things
Enjoy wide variety and
change in people
relationships

Introverted Characteristics
Think/reflect first, then Act
Regularly require an
amount of "private time" to
recharge batteries
Motivated internally, mind
is sometimes so active it is
"closed" to outside world
Prefer one-to-one
communication and
relationships
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Collecting Information
Sensing Characteristics
Mentally live in the Now,
attending to present
opportunities
Using common sense and
creating practical solutions
is automatic-instinctual
Memory recall is rich in
detail of facts and past
events
Best improvise from past
experience
Like clear and concrete
information; dislike
guessing when facts are
"fuzzy"

Intuitive Characteristics
Mentally live in the Future,
attending to future
possibilities
Using imagination and
creating/inventing new
possibilities is automaticinstinctual
Memory recall emphasizes
patterns, contexts, and
connections
Best improvise from
theoretical understanding
Comfortable with
ambiguous, fuzzy data and
with guessing its meaning.
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Decision Making
Thinking Characteristics
Instinctively search for
facts and logic in a
decision situation.
Naturally notices tasks
and work to be
accomplished.
Easily able to provide an
objective and critical
analysis.
Accept conflict as a
natural, normal part of
relationships with people.

Feeling Characteristics
Instinctively employ
personal feelings and
impact on people in
decision situations
Naturally sensitive to
people needs and
reactions.
Naturally seek consensus
and popular opinions.
Unsettled by conflict; have
almost a toxic reaction to
disharmony.
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Understanding the world

ESTJ most manager
Judging Characteristics
Plan many of the details in
advance before moving
into action.
Focus on task-related
action; complete
meaningful segments
before moving on.
Work best and avoid
stress when able to keep
ahead of deadlines.
Naturally use targets,
dates and standard
routines to manage life.

Perceiving Characteristics
Comfortable moving into
action without a plan; plan
on-the-go.
Like to multitask, have
variety, mix work and
play.
Naturally tolerant of time
pressure; work best close
to the deadlines.
Instinctively avoid
commitments which
interfere with flexibility,
freedom and variety
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Lifestyle approach
Type A & B

Type A Personality

The following are the characteristics of the type A

personality
Type As has got a severe sense of time urgency. They
are always running and can hardly relax. If they sat
without doing something useful they may end up feeling
guilty
Type As are over achievers, they usually get themselves
involved in many different unrelated activities and
perform well in them all.
Type A's biggest problem is stress, they are usually
overwhelmed by the amount of tasks they have to do.
These tasks are usually a huge list that they planned for
themselves.
Type A is usually competitive and has a high challenging
spirit.
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Personality
Types
Type As
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type Bs
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements
or accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.
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 Type B Personality
Type B personality is almost the opposite of Type A.
This type of person is relaxed by nature and has no
sense of time urgency
Type Bs have got no problems relaxing or sitting
without doing anything
Type Bs may delay the work they have to the last
moment and they usually don't get stressed that easily.
Type B could be an achiever too but his lack of sense
of time urgency helps him much in not feeling stressed
while doing his tasks.

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Personal Effectiveness
Johari Window
Arena-Blind-Closed-Dark
Known to others and Not known to Self

2-38

Personality TRAIT
LOCUS OF CONTROL- It is a dimension
of personality that explains the degree to
which people believe that they , rather
than external force determine there lives

2-39

 Authoritarianism
It is the degree to which a person
believes that status and power
differences are appropriate in an
organisation

2-40

 Dogmatism It refers to the degree of

flexibility or rigidity of a persons views
Machiavellianism It is a personality
attribute that describe the extent to
which a person manipulate others for
personal gain

2-41

 Risk Propensity This refers to a person

willingness to take risk
Self Esteem- It is the judgment one
makes about ones own worth

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HOME WORK

Four Type of Problem Solving Behaviour

Sensation thinker ST
Intuitive Thinker IT
Sensation Feelers- SF
Intuitive Feeler - IF

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