SISTEM

PEMBUMIAN
by:
MUSTAFFA KAMAL BIN AB.
SAMAD
JKR ELEKTRIK. SELANGOR D.E
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TUJUAN PEMBUMIAN
Mengalirkan arus bocor kebumi dengan seberapa
banyak dan cepat supaya alat perlindungan, geganti
atau peranti perlindungan dapat berfungsi dengan
berkesan bagi mengelakkan berlakunya kejutan
elektrik
Mendapatkan voltan rujukan kosong untuk star point
alatubah dan janakuasa supaya talian neutral dapat
digunakan dan voltan bekalan stabil serta
mengelakkan voltan terapong
Mendapatkan voltan samaupaya (equipotential
voltage) supaya tidak berlaku step voltage bahan
pengalir yang terdedah (exposed conductive parts)
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CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
Supply authority or supply source earthing
arrangement are indicated by the first letter:
T one or more points of supply are directly
connected to earth
I supply system not earth, or one point earth
through a fault limiting impedance

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CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
Relationship of exposed conductive parts to
earth are indicated by the second letter
T exposed conductive parts connected
directly to earth and which is independent of
the supply earth
N exposed conductive parts connected
directly to the earth point of the source of the
supply
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CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
Arrangement of neutral and protective
conductors in T-N system is indicated by a
third letter
S separate neutral and protective conductors
C neutral and protective conductors
combined in a single conductor

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EARTHING SYSTEM
For normal installation practice, earthing is to connect
together the exposed conductive parts of various
items of the equipment to a common terminal (main
earthing terminal), this in turn is connected by the
earthing conductor to an earth electrode, buried in the
mass of earth.
The earth installation must be capable of carrying the
prospective fault currents without danger and without
excessive heat. It must have low resistance at all
times with good resistance to corrosion.
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ELECTRODE
The most important part of the earthing system
is the electrode.
Electrode are made from a number of materials
like cast iron, steel, copper or stainless steel
and they may be in the form of plate, tubes,
rods or strips.
The most favored material is copper which has
good conductivity, is corrosion resistance to
many of the salts that exist in the soil and it is a
material that is easily worked.
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ELECTRODE
These consist of some form of deeply buried
conductor, since the major earth resistance lies
on the top soil
Buried copper or galvanized earth plate have
largely given place to threaded copper-clad
steel-cored rods

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TYPES OF ELECTRODE

Earth rods or pipes

Earth tapes or wires
Earth plates
Earth electrodes embedded in foundation
Metallic reinforcement of concrete structure
Metal pipes
Lead sheaths or other metallic covering of
cables
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EARTH RESISTANCE
The earth resistance depends on soil resistivity
and characteristic. The type of soil suitable for
earth electrode are:
Wet marshy ground
Clay, loam soil, arable land
Clay soil, loam mixed with small quantity of
sand
Damp and wet sand
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EARTH RESISTANCE
Achieving a good earth will depend on local
soil condition. Three factors that affect the soil
resistivity are:
Moisture content of the soil
Chemical composition of the soil
Temperature of the soil

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EARTH RESISTANCE
In area of high soil resistivity, it is difficult to
obtain an earth resistance say one ohm or less.
Several option are available in the form of soil
conditioning agent e.g copper sulphate,
sodium carbonate, bentonite and marconite

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APA YANG PERLU DIBUMIKAN

Semua peralatan elektrik yang dibuat dari
logam atau bahan yang boleh mengalirkan
elektrik, samada alatan elektrik ataupun bukan
Star point alatubah dan janakuasa
Terminal bumi DB, lampu, soket 13A, dsb.
Konduit, trunking, tray, riser, busduct, dan
apa-apa jua bahagian logam pemasangan
elektrik
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EARTH PLATE

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STEP VOLTAGE

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STEP VOLTAGE

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AVERAGE RESISTIVITY OF THE

EARTH
Type of Earth

Resistivity/Ohm-meters

Wet organic soil

10

Moist soil

100

Dry soil

1000

Bed rock

10000

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JENIS KABEL BUMI

PVC hijau
PVC hitam untuk star point janakuasa
Pita tembaga (copper tape) 3mm x 25mm
Pita Aluminium
G.I cable

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SAIZ KABEL BUMI

Sama dengan saiz kabel fasa sehingga 16mm
16mm jika saiz kabel fasa diantara 16mm
hingga 35mm
Separuh dari saiz kabel fasa jika saiz kabel fasa
melebehi 35mm
Gunakan pita tembaga 3mm x 25mm jika saiz
kabel bumi melebehi 70mm
CENTRAL earthing bar 50mm x 6mm

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CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

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CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

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CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

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EARTH CHAMBER

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JENIS-JENIS ELEKTROD
BUMI
Standard copper-jacketed steel core earth rod
16mm diameter and 1500mm long
G.I pipe 2 in diameter
Wire mesh
Building steel reinforcement
Javelin rod (overhead line)

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UJIAN ELEKTROD
BUMI
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RINTANGAN ELEKTROD BUMI

Elektrod bumi pemasangan

1 ohm

Elektrod bumi penangkap kilat

10 ohms

Transformer and generating station

10,000 kVA and over

2 ohms

Small transformer stations and

distributing stations

10 ohms

Small outdoor station

15 ohms

Distribution transformer installation

25 ohms

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JENIS SAMBUNGAN KE
ELEKTROD

Earth clip
Plumbed joint
Brazing (copper)
Bolt & nut / socketing
Riverting
Exothermic welding (CADWELD/FURSE
WELD)
Cold pressure welding
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COPPER TAPE
PEMBUMIAN
SEMASA
PEMBINAAN

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H.T
SWITCHBOARD
EARTHING

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PEMBUMIAN
SUISGIAR
MENGGUNAKAN
COPPER
BRAID

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FEEDER
PILLAR
EARTHING

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DOWN CONDUCTOR INSPECTION POINT

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DOWN
CONDUCTOR
INSPECTION
POINT

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PEMBUMIAN
PAPAN SUIS

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PEMBUMIAN
PAPAN SUIS

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PEMBUMIAN BILIK SUIS

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PEMBUMIAN
DIBAWAH
TIANG TALIAN
AERIAL

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PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL

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PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL

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PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL
DAN
STAR POINT
ALATUBAH

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