C RI PT I

DES
ON
The circuit for clap
operated appliance control. it comprises
a condenser microphone ,transistor
BC549,timer NE555,display driver
CD4033,decade counter CD4017,set
and reset flip-flop CD4013,relay driver
uln2803 and new discrete components.
Co n s tr uc t io
n
 An actual-size BCD
layout for clap-operated appliance control. And
its components layout wire the circuit on the PCB.
Use sockets for ICs CD4033, CD4017, CD4013
AND ULN2803.put the ICs into the sockets after
checking Vcc, grounding and continuity between
the respective connection using a multimeter,
connect the appliances to the relay contacts.
There is no need to the relay contacts. There is
no need to connect free-wheeling diode across
RL1 through RL8(as ULN2803 has internal
diodes). However, connect the cathode of diode
D1 to positive supply and the anode of the diode
to the collector of transistor T2.use a shielded
cable for connecting the condenser mic.
•
 CONDENSER
MICROPHONES
 CONDENSER
MICROPHONE
 Condenser means capacitor, an
electronic component which stores energy
in the form of an electrostatic field. The
term condenser is actually obsolete but has
stuck as the name for this type of
microphone, which uses a capacitor to
convert acoustical energy into electrical
energy. Condenser microphones require
power from a battery or external source.
The resulting audio signal is stronger signal
than that from a dynamic. Condensers also
tend to be more sensitive and responsive
than dynamics, making them well-suited to
capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They
are not ideal for high-volume work, as their
sensitivity makes them prone to distort.
 A capacitor
has two plates with a voltage between them. In
the condenser mic, one of these plates is made
of very light material and acts as the
diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when
struck by sound waves, changing the distance
between the two plates and therefore changing
the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates
are closer together, capacitance increases and
a charge current occurs. When the plates are
further apart, capacitance decreases and a
discharge current occurs. A voltage is required
across the capacitor for this to work. This
voltage is supplied either by a battery in the
mic or by external phantom power. Cross-
Section of a Typical Condenser Microphone
the Electrets Condenser
Microphone .The electretcondenser mic uses a
special type of capacitor which has a
permanent voltage built in during manufacture.
MON-STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
USING A 555
Mon-stable multivibrator

 Monostable multivibrator often

called a one shot multivibrator is a pulse
generating circuit in which the duration of
this pulse is determined by the RC network
connected externally to the 555 timer. In a
stable or standby state, the output of the
circuit is approximately zero or a logic-low
level. When external trigger pulse is applied
output is forced to go high (» VCC). The time
for which output remains high is determined
by the external RC network connected to the
timer. At the end of the timing interval, the
output automatically reverts back to its logic-
low stable state. The output stays low until
trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle
 Mon-stable multivibrator
Operation
 Initially when the circuit is in the stable
state, when the output is low, transistor Q1 is
ON and the capacitor C is shorted out to ground.
Upon the application of a negative trigger pulse
to pin 2, transistor Q1 is turned OFF, which
releases the short circuit across the external
capacitor C and drives the output high. The
capacitor C now starts charging up towards VCC
through R. When the voltage across the
capacitor equals 2/3 VCC, comparator 1’s
output switches from low to high, which in turn
drives the output to its low state via the output
of the flip-flop. At the same time the output of
the flip-flop turns transistor Q1 ON and hence
the capacitor C rapidly discharges through the
transistor. The output of the monostable
 C A D E C OU N T E R
C 40333 DE

CD4033BMS consists of a 5 stage
Johnson decade counter and an output decoder
which converts the Johnson code to a 7 segment
decoded output for driving one stage in a numerical
display. This device is particularly advantageous in
display applications where low power dissipation
and/or low package count is important. A high RESET
signal clears the decade counter to its zero count.
The counter is advanced one count at the positive
clock signal transition if the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is
low. Counter advancement via the clock line is
inhibited when the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is high. The
CLOCK INHIBIT signal can be used as a negative-
edge clock if the clock line is held high. Antilock
gating is provided on the JOHNSON counter, thus
assuring proper counting sequence. The CARRY-OUT
(Count) signal completes one cycle every ten CLOCK
INPUT cycles and is used to clock the succeeding
decade directly in a multi-decade counting chain.
The seven decoded outputs (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
illuminate the proper segments in a seven segment
 COUNTER
01 7 DEC ADE
4
DIGRAM
 C O UN TER
DECADE
R ATIO N
OPE

The
count advances as the clock input becomes high
(on the rising-edge). Each output Q0-Q9 goes
high in turn as counting advances. For some
functions (such as flash sequences) outputs may
be combined using diodes. The reset input
should be low (0V) for normal operation (counting
0-9). When high it resets the count to zero (Q0
high). This can be done manually with a switch
between reset and +Vs and a 10k resistor
between reset and 0V. Counting to less than 9
is achieved by connecting the relevant output
(Q0-Q9) to reset, for example to count 0,1,2,3
connect Q4 to reset. The disable input should be
low (0V) for normal operation. When high it
disables counting so that clock pulses are ignored
and the count is kept constant. The ÷10 output
is high for counts 0-4 and low for 5-9, so it
provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency.
It can be used to drive the clock input of another
D FLIP-
FLOP
 The type-D flip-flop is a special device
that functions only as a counter divider. A far more
versatile device is the Data or type-D flip-flop, which is
made by connecting the clocked master-slave flip-
flop inverter is wired between the s and R terminals of
the flip-flop, so those terminals are always out of phase,
and the input is applied via a single and show the
sy~nbol and the truth table of the type-T flip-flop,
respectively D type flip-flop can be used as a data-table
of its clocked inputs is and that of its direct inputs is
show in. Corresponding Note that both the 4013 and the
4027 have SET and RESET inputs in addition to, The
normal clocked inputs. For both IC's counter-reset pulses
when the desired Figure 25 shows how to make a four-
bit cubit can b e c o n v e r t e d to a Second is attained.
data latch from four D-type flip-flops. The rial-
lnIParalle1-Out (SIPO) shift register data latch is useful
for storing binary num- simply by using the Q outputs of
each flip-Latches and registers rember or data. Input
data is ignored until a flop. The circuit might be useful,
Now let's move away from counters and positive-going
STORE pulse is applied. at ample, in converting data
transmitted take a brief look at three other application
which point the latch stores the data and from a remote
ULN2803 DRIVER RELAY
 N 2 8 0 3
UL
 A chip with a High Voltage/High Current Darlington
Transistor Array. It allows you to interface TTL signals with
higher voltage/current loads. In English, the chip takes low level
signals (TLL, CMOS, PMOS, NMOS - which operate at low
voltages and low currents) and acts as a relay of sorts itself,
switching on or off a higher level signal on the opposite side.A
TTL signal operates from 0-5V, with everything between 0.0
and 0.8V considered "low" or off, and 2.2 to 5.0V being
considered "high" or on. The maximum power available on a
TTL signal depends on the type, but generally does not exceed
25mW (~5mA @ 5V), so it is not useful for providing power to
something like a relay coil. Computers and other electronic
devices frequently generate TTL signals. On the output side the
ULN2803 is generally rated at 50V/500mA, so if can operate
small loads directly. Alternatively, it is frequently used to power
the coil of one or more relays, which in turn allow even higher
voltages/currents to be controlled by the low level signal. In
electrical terms, the ULN2803 uses the low level (TTL) signal to
switch on/turn off the higher voltage/current signal on the
output side.The ULN2803 comes in an 18-pin IC configuration
and includes eight (8) transistors. Pins 1-8 receive the low level
signals, pin 9 is grounded (for the low level signal reference).
Pin 10 is the common on the high side and would generally be