RAT 430: Teknologi Rekabentuk Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga

Teknologi Bangunan
Berkecekapan Tenaga

Kuliah 2b
Dr. Mohd Zin Kandar
Contents of EE Technology
Lighting
Air-conditioning & MV
Toilet & Water conservation
Electrical motor
Refrigerator and Freezer
Water Supply
BANGUNAN
Other EE Features BERKECEKAPAN
TENAGA

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

Lighting
Lighting – general
EE Lighting
Lighting layout
Lighting sensors
Lighting control
Lighting Principles and Terms
To choose the best lighting options, you should
understand basic lighting terms. This section explains
terminology used in the industry

1. Illumination
A lumen is a measurement of light output from a lamp,
(often called a tube or a bulb). All lamps are rated in
lumens. For example, a 100-watt incandescent lamp
produces about 1750 lumens.
The distribution of light on a horizontal surface is called
its illumination. Illumination is measured in footcandles.
A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributed
over a 1-square-foot (0.09-square-meter) area.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Lighting Principles and Terms
The amount of illumination required varies according to the difficulty
of a visual task. Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandles
necessary to allow you to perform a task comfortably and
proficiently without eyestrain.
The Illuminating Engineering Society says that illumination of 30 to
50 footcandles is adequate for most home and office work. Difficult
and lengthy visual tasks—like sewing for extended periods of time—
require 200 to 500 footcandles. Where no seeing tasks (i.e., tasks
whose speed and accuracy of completion are affected by quality
and quantity of light) are performed, lighting systems need to
provide only security, safety, or visual comfort—requiring from 5 to
20 footcandles of illumination.

2. efficacy.
This is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric power it
consumes and is measured in lumens per watt (LPW).

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 Efficacy of Common Lamps
Incandescent
Efficacy;
This is the ratio of light output from a lamp
Halogen
to the electric power it consumes and is
measured in lumens per watt (LPW).
Mercury Vapor

Compact Fluorescent

Fluorescent

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium

Low Pressure Sodium

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Lumens/Watt
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 Lighting Principles and Terms
3. Lighting Uses
Experts divide lighting uses into three
categories:
 Ambient lighting,
Ambient lighting provides security and safety, as well as
general illumination for performing daily activities.


Task lighting,
The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illumination
so that tasks can be completed accurately but not provide
so much light that entire areas are illuminated.

 accent lighting.
Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend more
closely with naturally bright areas like ceilings and
windows

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Lighting Principles and Terms
4. Light Quality
Light quality describes how well people in a
lighted space can see to do visual tasks and how
visually comfortable they feel in that space.
Light quality is important to energy efficiency
because spaces with higher quality lighting need
less illumination. High-quality lighting is fairly
uniform in brightness and has no glare.
5. Glare
Eliminating glare (i.e., excessive brightness from
a direct light source) is essential to achieving
good lighting quality. Types of glare include direct
glare, reflected glare, and veiling reflections.

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 Lighting Principles and Terms
6. Light Color
Lamps are assigned a color temperature (according to the
Kelvin temperature scale) based on their "coolness" or
"warmness." The human eye perceives colors as cool if they are
at the blue-green end of the color spectrum, and warm if they
are at the red end of the spectrum.
Generally, sources below 3200K are considered “warm” while
those above 4000K are considered “cool.”

7. Color Rendering
Color Rendering Index (CRI) - a scale from 0-100, is a
measure of how well a lamp renders color.
A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do in
sunlight.
CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar color
temperature.

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 Light Sources
1. Incandescent
2. Gaseous Discharge
A. Low Pressure Gaseous Discharge
Fluorescent
Low pressure sodium
B. High Intensity Discharge (HID)
Mercury vapor
Metal halide
High pressure sodium

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 Types of Lighting
There are four basic types of lighting:
incandescent,
fluorescent,
high-intensity discharge (HID),
low-pressure sodium.

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Types of Lighting
1. Incandescent
Incandescent lamps are the least
expensive to buy but the most expensive
to operate.
Incandescent light is produced by a tiny
coil of tungsten wire that glows when it is
heated by an electrical current.
Incandescent lamps have the shortest
lives of the common lighting types.
They are also relatively inefficient
compared with other lighting types.
However, significant energy and cost
savings are possible if you select the right
incandescent lamp for the right job.
70%-90% of the power consumed is lost
as heat.
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 Types of Lighting
1. Incandescent
The three most common
types of incandescent
lights are
 standard incandescent,

tungsten halogen, and
 reflector lamps.

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Types of Lighting
2. Fluorescent
The light produced by a fluorescent
tube is caused by an electric current
conducted through mercury and inert
gases.
Fluorescent lighting is used mainly
indoors—both for ambient and task
lighting.
About 3 to 4 times as efficient as
incandescent lighting.
Last about 10 times longer than
incandescent. But, to gain the most
efficiency, you should install
fluorescents in places where they will
be on for several hours at a time.

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 Types of Lighting
2. Fluorescent
Fluorescent lights need ballasts
(i.e., devices that control the
electricity used by the unit) for
starting and circuit protection.
Ballasts consume energy.
Can increase the energy
savings for existing fluorescent
lighting by relamping (e.g.,
replacing an existing lamp with
one of a lower wattage),
replacing ballasts, and replacing
fixtures with more efficient
models..
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
 Types of Lighting
2. Fluorescent
Compact fluorescent
 Energy savings up to

75% over incandescent

lamps.

Longer lamp life equals
reduced maintenance
costs.

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 Types of Lighting
3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps
provide the highest efficacy and
longest service life of any lighting
type.
They are commonly used for outdoor
lighting and in large indoor arenas.
HID lamps use an electric arc to
produce intense light.
They also require ballasts, and they
take a few seconds to produce light
when first turned on because the
ballast needs time to establish the
electric arc.

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Types of Lighting
3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)
The three most common types of HID lamps are
 mercury vapor,
 metal halide, and
 high-pressure sodium.
HID lamps and fixtures can save 75% to 90% of lighting energy
when they replace incandescent lamps and fixtures.
Significant energy savings are also possible by replacing old
mercury vapor lamps with newer metal halide or high-pressure
sodium lamps.

Lam p
Efficacy Life
Lam p Type (lm /W ) CRI (hours)
Mercury Vapor 19-43 15-50 16,000-24,000
Metal Halide 53-115 65-92 6,000-20,000
High Pressure Sodium 53-147 21-85 16,000-24,000
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
 Types of Lighting
4. Low-Pressure Sodium
Low-pressure sodium lamps work
somewhat like fluorescent lamps.
They are the most efficient artificial
lighting, have the longest service life,
and maintain their light output better
than any other lamp type.
Low-pressure sodium lighting is used
where color is not important because it
renders all colors as tones of yellow or
gray.
Typical applications include highway
and security lighting.

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 EE Lighting
Lighting accounts for 20% to 25% of all electricity
consumed in the developed countries.
An average household dedicates 5% to 10% of
its energy budget to lighting,
Commercial establishments consume 20% to
30% of their total energy just for lighting.
In a typical residential or commercial lighting
installation, 50% or more of the energy is wasted
by obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance,
or inefficient use.

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Energy Efficiency with Lighting
Saving lighting energy requires either reducing
electricity consumed by the light source or
reducing the length of time the light source is on.
This can be accomplished by:
 Lowering wattage, which involves replacing lamps or
entire fixtures
 Reducing the light source's on-time, which means
improving lighting controls and educating users to turn
off unneeded lights
 Using daylighting, which reduces energy consumption
by replacing electric lights with natural light
 Performing simple maintenance, which preserves
illumination and light quality and allows lower initial
illumination levels.

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Conventional vs Energy
Efficiency light bulb
Energy Efficiency uses less energy for same
output and reduces CO 2 emissions

Incandescent Lamp Compact fluorescent Lamp

100 W 18W

CO2 Emission – 110 g/hr CO2 Emission – 20 g/hr

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

Conventional vs Energy
Efficiency light bulb

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Dimmable Electronic
ballasts
A solid-state ballast that can provide variable light output in response
to a signal (from a photosenso, for example).
A fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge light that requires a ballast
(either magnetic or electronic) to provide high initial voltage for start-up
and to regulate current during operation.
Electronic ballasts use solid-state technology and operate at higher
frequencies and efficiencies than do magnetic ballasts.
Operating lamps with electronic ballasts reduce electricity use by 10 to
15% over magnetic ballasts for the same light output.
Electronic ballasts also offer reduced flicker, lower weight, less noise
and longer life than do magnetic ballasts.
Electronic ballasts are also available as dimming ballasts. These
ballasts allow the light level to be controlled between 1% and 100%.
Magnetic ballasts are also available with dimming capability, but they
cannot be dimmed below 20% and use more electricity than do
electronic ballasts.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
 Dimmable Electronic
ballasts
Dimmable electronic ballasts can be controlled by photosensors,
occupancy sensors and/or a time clock.
It is estimated that the combination of photosensor control and
dimmable electronic ballasts can reduce annual electricity use by
50% over non-dimming systems.
The combination of all three control methods can save approximately
75% of electricity use.

Application
Electronic dimmable ballasts are best used where the need for
electric light is constantly changing (such as the perimeter zones of
offices). If only two or three light levels are needed (high level for
occupied/low level for unoccupied), it would be better to use
conventional electronic ballasts and control the number of lamps that
are operated.

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Exit Sign Lighting
 Due to continuous operation, upgrades
offer the potential for huge reductions in
energy and maintenance costs.
 40 watt incandescent exit signs with a lamp
life of 7000 hours should be retrofitted with
a light-emitting diode (LED) sign
consuming between 2-5 watts with a 25+
year life.

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Replacing Lamps and Fixtures
"Relamping" means substituting one lamp for another to
save energy. You can decide to make illumination higher
or lower when relamping. But be sure that the new
lamp's lumen output fits the tasks performed in the space
and conforms to the fixture's specifications.
When relamping an entire store or office, first test the
new lamps in a small area to ensure adequate
illumination, occupant satisfaction, and compatibility of
the new lamp and the old fixture.
Matching replacement lamps to existing fixtures and
ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures.
Buying new fixtures made for new lamps produces
superior energy savings, reliability, and longevity
compared with relamping.

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Replacing Lamps and Fixtures
Use linear fluorescent and energy-efficient
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in fixtures to
provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting.
Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than
incandescent bulbs and last 6 to 10 times
longer.
Although fluorescent and compact fluorescent
lamps are more expensive than incandescent
bulbs, they pay for themselves by saving energy
over their lifetime.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
 Lighting circuit design

Response to daylight level

1 2 2 1

Section

Plan TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Lighting circuit design

PSALI

1 2 2 1

Section

Plan TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

Improving Lighting Controls
Lighting controls are devices for turning lights on and off
or for dimming them. The simplest type is a standard
snap switch. Other controls are photocells, timers,
occupancy sensors, and dimmers.
Snap switches, located in numerous convenient areas,
make it easier for people in large, shared spaces to turn
off lights in unused areas.
Photocells turn lights on and off in response to natural
light levels. Photo-cells switch outdoor lights on at dusk
and off at dawn, for example. Advanced designs
gradually raise and lower fluorescent light levels with
changing daylight levels.
Mechanical or electronic time clocks automatically turn
on and off indoor or outdoor lights for security, safety,
and tasks such as janitorial work.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
 Lighting circuit design

Daylight sensor

1 2 2 1

Section

Plan TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 Lighting circuit design

Movement / occupant sensor

1 2 2 1

Section

Plan TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

RE lighting
SM-110 110 watt Solar Panel & APM Mount
100 LED Fight Fixture
MorningStar SunLight Controller
8A27 AGM Batteries
Lockable Battery Box
Light Post Mounting Arm (Mounts to any Standard Pole; Pole Not Included)
Panels and post arm mount easily to any standard Pole

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

 EE lighting
installation (case
study)
 ENERGY-10 Optimisation

LEO Building
KTAK/no Daylight use KTAK
125
KWh/m2 year 111
100
100

75 67
64

50

25 25
25 18
11

0
Cooling Lights
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK Other
BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA Total
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
 LEO Building
Improved Energy Performance
by Review of Design Criteria

Topic Standard KTAK LEO Actual data in

Requirement Requirement LEO Design
Design 23 oC 24 oC 24 oC
Temperature

Lighting Power 20 W/m2 16 W/m2 8 -10 W/m2

Small Power
27 W/m2 20 W/m2 6 - 8 W/m2
Illuminance
500 lux 500 lux ~ 400 lux

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Terima Kasih