Fundamental PHP

AUTHOR: TRUONG TOAN THINH

Function in PHP
Using require() & include()
User defined function
Function arguments
Returning values
Variables functions
Internal functions

Using require() & include()

require() is identical to include() except upon failure it

will also produce a fatal E_COMPILE_ERROR level

error. In other words, it will halt the script whereas
include() only emits a warning (E_WARNING) which
allows the script to continue.
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vars.php

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test.php

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<?php
<?php
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echo @"A $color $fruit"; // A
$color = 'green';
include 'vars.php';
$fruit = 'apple'; A A green apple
echo "A $color $fruit"; // A green apple
?>
?>

Using require() & include()

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test.php

<?php
require unknown.php
include
echo "A $color $fruit";
?>

User defined function

A function may be defined using syntax such as the

following:

function name

Argument list

<?php
function foo($arg_1, $arg_2, /* ..., */ $arg_n)
{
echo "Example function.\n";
return $retval;
}
?>

key word

User defined function

Function names follow the same rules as other labels in

PHP. A valid function name starts with a letter or

underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers,
or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be
expressed thus: [a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*.
Functions need not be defined before they are
referenced, except when a function is conditionally
defined as shown in the two examples below.
When a function is defined in a conditional manner such
as the two examples shown. Its definition must be
processed prior to being called.

User defined function

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<?php
$makefoo = true;
/* We can't call foo() from here
since it doesn't exist yet,
but we can call bar() */

foo();

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I exist immediately upon program

start
I don't exist until program
execution reaches me.

bar();
if ($makefoo) {
function foo(){
echo "I don't exist until program execution reaches me.<br>";
}
}
/* Now we can safely call foo()
since $makefoo evaluated to true */
if ($makefoo) foo();
function bar() {
echo "I exist immediately upon program start.<br>";
}?>

User defined function

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<?php
function foo()
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{
echo "I am foo.<br>";
I am foo.
function bar()
I don't exist until foo() is called.
{
echo "I don't exist until foo() is called.<br>";
}
}
bar();
/* We can't call bar() yet
since it doesn't exist. */
foo();
/* Now we can call bar(),
foo()'s processesing has
made it accessible. */
bar();
?>

User defined function

<?php
function recursion($a)
{
if ($a < 20) {
echo "$a|";
recursion($a + 1);
}
}
recursion(0);
?>

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0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|

Function arguments
Information may be passed to functions via the

argument list, which is a comma-delimited list of

expressions.
PHP supports passing arguments by value (the
default), passing by reference, and default argument
values. Variable-length argument lists are also
supported

Function arguments
<?php
function takes_array(&$input)
{
echo $input[0].",".$input[1]."<br>";
$input[2] = 4;
}
$a = array(2,3,6);
takes_array($a);
echo $a[2]."<br>";
?>

Pass
Pass
byby
reference
value

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2,3
4
6

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Function arguments
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<?php
function makecoffee($type = "cappuccino")
{
return "Making a cup of $type.<br>";
}
echo makecoffee();
echo makecoffee(null);
echo makecoffee("espresso");
?>

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Making a cup of cappuccino.

Making a cup of .
Making a cup of espresso.

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Function arguments
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PHP also allows the use of
- x
arrays
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type NULL as default values,

for example:
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<?php
function makecoffee($types = array("cappucc
ino"), $coffeeMaker = NULL)
{
$device = is_null($coffeeMaker) ? "hands"
: $coffeeMaker;
return "Making a cup of ".join(", ", $types).
" with $device.<br>";
}
echo makecoffee();
echo makecoffee(array("cappuccino", "lavazz
a"), "teapot");
?>

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Making a cup of cappuccino with

hands.
Making a cup of cappuccino, lavazza
with teapot.

Function arguments
The default value must be a constant expression, not

(for example) a variable, a class member or a

function call.
Note that when using default arguments, any
defaults should be on the right side of any nondefault arguments; otherwise, things will not work as
expected

Function arguments
Default args must
be right to all args
<?php
function makeyogurt( $type = acidophilus ,
$flavour )
{
return "Making a bowl of $type $flavour.<
br>";
}
echo makeyogurt("raspberry");
// won't work as expected
?>

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Making a bowl of acidophilus

raspberry.

Making a bowl of raspberry .

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Function arguments
int func_num_args ( void )

Gets the number of arguments passed to the

function.
Generates a warning if called from outside of a userdefined function.
Returns the number of arguments passed into the
current user-defined function.

Function arguments
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<?php
function foo()
{
$numargs = func_num_args();
echo "Number of arguments: $numargs<br>";
}
foo(1, 2, 3);
?>

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Number of arguments: 3

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Returning values
Values are returned by using
the
optional
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- x

statement. Any type may FilebeEdit returned,

including
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<?php
Address the function to end
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arrays and objects. This causes
function square($num)
pass control back to
{ its execution immediately and
16
return $num * $num;
} the line from which it was called
echo square(4); // outputs '16'.

If the return() is omitted the value NULL will be

?>
returned.
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Returning values
A function can not return
multiple
values, -but x
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returning
anHelp
array.
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<?php
function small_numbers()
{
return array (0, 1, 2);
}
list ($zero, $one, $two) = small_numbers();
echo $zero."|".$one."|".$two;
?>

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0|1|2

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Variables functions
PHP supports the concept of variable functions. This

means that if a variable name has parentheses

appended to it, PHP will look for a function with the
same name as whatever the variable evaluates to,
and will attempt to execute it. Among other things,
this can be used to implement callbacks, function
tables, and so forth.

Variables functions
<?php
function foo() {
echo "In foo()<br />\n";
}
function bar($arg = ''){
echo "In bar(); argument was '$arg'.<br/>\n";
}
// This is a wrapper function around echo
function echoit($string){
echo $string;
}
$func = 'foo';
$func();
// This calls foo()
$func = 'bar';
$func('test'); // This calls bar()
$func = 'echoit';
$func('test'); // This calls echoit()
?>

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In foo()
In bar(); argument was 'test'.
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Internal functions
function_exists Return TRUE
the
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function has been defined

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given
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bool function_exists ( string $function_name )

<?php
IMAP functions are not available.
if (function_exists('imap_open')) {
echo "IMAP functions are available.<br />";
The function name, as a string.
} else { $function_name
echo "IMAP functions are not available.<br />";
}
?>

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Summary
You have studied knowledge about function in PHP.
You knew how to declare a function, using built in

functions in PHP, you also know to get value

returned from a function, & to pass parameters by
value or reference. You also know about variable
function