SOUND ARGUMENT/

COGENT ARGUMENT
AMIRAH NADIA BINTI MAT LIAS (2014482174)
NUR FARAHIN BINTI ANUAR (2014638394)
NURUL FARHANIS BINTI ZARUL ANUAR(2014289866)
SITI NUR AQILA BINTI RAZALI (2014459866)

DEFINITION OF SOUND ARGUMENT :

A sound argument is which all the premises and conclusion of
the argument is valid.
Premise is a statement that is assumed to be true and from
which a conclusion can be drawn.
Conclusion is a position or opinion or judgment reached
after consideration.

Valid Argument
Validity of an argument only refers to the logical structure.
An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically
possible situation where all the premises are true and the
conclusion is false at the same time.
It is possible to have false premises and false conclusion for
arguments to be valid.

Examples of valid argument:

1. If every prime number is a multiple of 4, and every multiple
of 4 is an even number, then every prime number is even.
The argument above is valid. However, it is not sound. This
is because the first premise is false.
2. All cats can fly. Anything that can fly can swim. So all cats
can swim.
Both of the premises and conclusion are false. But the
argument is valid.

3. Mark is tall. Mark is a boy. Therefore, Mark is a short boy.

The argument above is not valid. Even though the premises are
possible to be true, the conclusion of the argument is false.
Sound Argument
For an argument to be sound, all of the premises and conclusion
of the argument have to be true.
Hence, the conclusion is necessarily true.

Examples of sound argument:

1. All trees are plants. The redwood is a tree. Therefore, the
redwood is a plant.
. The argument above is valid and it is a sound argument. Both
of the premises and conclusion are true.
2. All birds are mammals. A platypus is a bird. Therefore, the
platypus is a mammal.
. This is a valid deductive argument, even though the premises
are both false. But because those premises are not true, the
argument is not sound.

DEFINITION OF COGENT ARGUMENT:

A cogent argument is not only strong argument but also
has all true premises.
Weak arguments are always uncogent.

Example:
1. Strolling through the woods is usually fun. The sun is out, the
temperature is cool, there is no rain in the forecast, the flowers are
in bloom, and the birds are singing. Therefore, it should be fun to
take a walk through the woods now.
. Assuming that we care about those premises, then the argument is
strong. Assuming that the premises are all true, then this is also a
cogent argument.
. If we didn't care about the factors mentioned (perhaps you suffer
from allergies and don't like it when the flowers are in bloom), it
would be a weak argument. If any of the premises turned out to be
false (for example, if it is actually raining), then the argument
would be uncogent.

THANK YOU