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BY
P.ANITHA
ASMA BEGUM
M.MANJULA
INTRODUCTION
Measurement
QUANTITATIVE MEASURES
Quantitative research relies primarily on numbers as the main unit of
questionnarie.
In measurement scales ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale are
quantitative measures in which the data collected can be represented in
quantity such as ranking, ordering quantity and by using ratios.
QUALITATIVE MEASURES
Qualitative research relies primarily on words as its unit of analysis and
1.Nominal scale
2.Ordinal scale
3.Interval scale
4.Ratio scale
NOMINAL SCALE
Nominal Scales - there must be distinct classes but these classes have no
For example - there are two classes for the variable gender -- males and
females. There are no quantitative properties for this variable or these classes
and, therefore, gender is a nominal variable.
Other Examples:
country of origin
biological sex (male or female)
animal or non-animal
ORDINAL SCALE
Ordinal Scales - there are distinct classes but these classes have a
INTERVAL SCALE
It helps to measure the distance between any two points on the scale. An
the order of the group, it also measures the magnitude of the differences
in the preference among the individual.
Example - Celsius temperature is an interval variable. It is meaningful
RATIO SCALE
Ratio scales have an absolute or true zero of measurement. The term
Zero means no heart beats. Weight (in grams) is also a ratio variable.
Again, the zero value is meaningful, zero grams means the absence of
weight.
nominal scale is mode, and neither the mean nor the median can be
defined.
Permissible statistics are chi-square and frequency distribution, and
only a one-to-one (equality) transformation is allowed (e.g., 1=Male,
2=Female).
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