ANATOMY OF

JOINT/ARTICULATION
I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Ventral view

Dorsal view

Human skeleton
Axial skeleton consist of 80 bones
cranium
spine
/columna vertebralis
ribs
sternum
Appendicular skeleton consist of 126 bones
shoulder
arm
elbow
hand
TOTAL: 206 BONES
pelvis
leg
knee
ankle
foot

Joints/Articulation
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones
come together.
The type depend on the structure in between
Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement.
(skull and pelvis).
Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached
by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
Synovial- freely movable, much more movement
than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are
filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and
protect the bones.

Fibrous joints
Suture
Bones tightly bound by
minimal fiber
Only found in skull

Syndemoses
Bones connected by
ligaments
E.g. tibiofibular ligament,
interosseous membrane of
radius/ulna

Gomphoses
Peg in socket joint
Only found in teeth/alveoli

Fig.9.1a,M&M

Describe the name of all

sutures at cranium

Fontanela anterior

Fontanela posterior

Fibrous joints
Suture
Bones tightly bound by minimal
fiber
Only found in skull

Syndemoses
Bones connected by
ligaments
E.g. tibiofibular ligament,
interosseous membrane of
radius/ulna
Gomphoses

Fig.9.1b,M&M

Peg in socket joint

Only found in teeth/alveoli
Fig.8.4,M&M

Fibrous joints
Suture
Bones tightly bound by
minimal fiber
Only found in skull

Syndemoses
Bones connected by
ligaments
E.g. tibiofibular ligament,
interosseous membrane
of radius/ulna

Gomphoses
Peg in socket joint
Only found in
teeth/alveoli

Fig.9.1c,M&M

Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis

Hyaline cartilage unites bones

Epiphyseal growth plates
Costal cartilage-sternum

Fig.9.2,M&M

Symphyses
Fibrocartilage unites bones
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral disc

Intervertebral
disc

Medulla spinalis

Medulla
spinalis/spinal
cord goes
through
vertebral
canal which is
formed by
vertebral
foramen

INTERVERTEBRAL
DISC

LOAD

Hernia
Nucleus
Pulposus
(HNP) push
the spinal
cord

 Most common joints in body

Most mobile joints
Have
Articular surfaces on
bone with hyaline
cartilage
Completely enclosed
joint capsule formed
from ligamentous
connective tissue
Synovial fluid within
capsule lubricates joint
Some have meniscus
or articular disc(e.g.
knee, jaw joint)

Synovial Joints

Synovial Joint Shape Types

Plane joints--intercarpal joints

Hinge joints--elbow,ankle, inter-phalangeal
Pivot joints--radio-ulnar joint
Condyloid joints (egg into oval)--metacarpophalangeal
Saddle joints--carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb
Ball-and-socket--hip, shoulder

The type of joint, in part, determines the

range and direction of movement

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

Figure 5.29ac
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings

Slide

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

Figure 5.29df
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings

Slide

Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and
retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)

Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint

allows for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found in the hips
and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)

Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones

slide past each other. Mid-carpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)

Saddle- This type of joint occurs when

the touching surfaces of two bones have
both concave and convex regions with
the shapes of the two bones
complementing one other and allowing
a wide range of movement. (Thumb)

Shoulder Joint
Rotator cuff/
Musculotendineus
cuff:
m. Supraspinatus
m. Infraspinatus
m. Teres major
m. Subscapularis
Fig.9.9,M&M

Shoulder Joint

Shoulder Joint

Knee Joint

1. Intra and extra articular ligament; 2. meniscus, 3. sesamoid bone (patella)

Articular disc

Temporo Mandibular Joint

Tendons

are
structures that connect
bone to muscle and are
made up of tendon
tissue
Can have various
shapes
Typical is cord-like
tendon of biceps
Sheeths are
common--aponeurose
s e.g.
acromiotrapezius
origin from thoracic
vertebral spines,
aponeurosis of
abdominal wall
muscles

TENDON

LIGAMENT
Ligaments connect
bone-to-bone or
reinforce joints-they are made up
of tendinous tissue
as well
E.g. knee
ligaments

SYNOVIAL TENDON SHEATH

VS
BURSAE

Bursae
Bursae: saclike
structures that
reduce friction.
Located in the
shoulder and knee
joints. Found
between skin and
bone, tendons and
bones, muscles and
bones, ligaments
and bones.

Tendon Sheaths: tubelike bursae that wrap

around tendons. Found at the wrist, ankle, fingers
and toes.

Types of movement and examples (with muscles)

flexion- move lower leg toward upper
extension- straightening the leg
abduction- moving leg away from body
adduction- movong leg toward the body

rotation- around its axis

supination- rotation of arm to palm-up positio
pronation- palm down
circumduction- swinging arms in circles
inversion- turning foot so sole is inward
eversion- sole is out

Aging and Joints

Decreased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner with
age, ligaments shortens and lose
flexibility.
Genetic factors
Males commonly develop degenerative
changes in the vertebral column-hunched.
Osteoarthritis-occurs over age 70.

Arthritis

Gout
Gout is a disease that results from an
overload of uric acid in the body. This
overload of uric acid leads to the formation
of tiny crystals of urate that deposit in
tissues of the body, especially the joints.
When crystals form in the joints it causes
recurring attacks of joint inflammation (
arthritis). Chronic gout can also lead to
deposits of hard lumps of uric acid in and
around the joints and may cause joint
destruction, decreased kidney function, and
kidney stones.

X-ray of hand affected by arthritis

Bursitis
Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid
filled sac surrounding the joint).
A bursa can become inflamed from
injury, infection (rare in the
shoulder), or due to an underlying
rheumatic condition.
Bursitis is typically identified by
localized pain or swelling,
tenderness, and pain with motion
of the tissues in the affected area.

Tendonitis
Sometimes the tendons become inflamed
for a variety of reasons, and the action of
pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If
the normal smooth gliding motion of your
tendon is impaired, the tendon will
become inflamed and movement will
become painful. This is called
tendonitis, and literally means
inflammation of the tendon.
The most common cause of tendonitis is
overuse.

Artificial Hip Joint

TRAUMA !!!

R. I. C. E. :
REST
ICE
COMPRESS
ELEVATE

TERIMAKASIH