PRINCIPLES OF

MANAGEMENT
ASSIGNMENT - 1

Submitted byAnuja Sukhwal, Rupika Tripathi,

Sanidhi Prakash, Vidya Tathe,
Shradhaa Salodkar, Sayali Shende

Henry Laurence Gantt

Born

1861

Died

23rd Nov. 1919

Citizen

United states

Filed

Scientific
Management

Known for

Gantt Charts
which he
developed in
1910

BIOGRAPHY

Gantt was born in Calvert County, Maryland.

He graduated from McDonogh School in 1878 and from Johns Hopkins
University in 1880, then returned to the McDonogh School to teach for
three years.
He subsequently received a Masters of Engineering degree from the
Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey.
In 1884 he began work as Mechanical Engineer with Pool and Hunt of
Baltimore.
In 1887 he joined Frederick W. Taylor in applying scientific management
principles to the work at Midvale Steel and Bethlehem Steel, working there
with Taylor until 1893.
In his later career as a management consultant and following the invention
of the Gantt chart, he designed the 'task and bonus' system of wage
payment and additional measurement methods worker efficiency and
productivity.
In 1916, influenced by Thorsten Veblen he set up the New Machine, an
association which sought to apply the criteria of industrial efficiency to the
political process.
Henry Gantt is listed under Stevens Institute of Technology
alumni. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
awards an annual medal in honor of Henry Laurence Gantt.

Theories of Henry L. Gantt

THE GANTT CHART

SCHEDULING INNOVATION
REWARDING INNOVATION

THE GANTT CHART

The Purpose Of Gantt Chart Is To To illustrate the relationship between
project activities & time.
To show the multiple project activities on
one chart
To provide a simple & easy to understand
representation of project scheduling.

A Gantt chart showing

three kinds of schedule
dependencies (in red)
and percent complete
indications.

Example of a simple Gantt Chart

You will see that a Gantt Chart is basically a Bar Chart. Representing
project activities against time.

Advantages
A useful tool for displaying time-based
information within a project.
Very simple to create
They provide a useful overview of project
activities, a good starting point for project
planning.
The charts are widely used and understood.
There exists several PC software packages
that allow you to build Gantt Charts.

Limitations
The Gantt Chart does not explain the reasoning behind
the chosen duration of each activity. (Maylor, 2001)
The Gantt Chart is very difficult to update when
changes to the project plan take place. This makes it
time consuming and results in long-term planning
being very difficult. (Goldratt, 1997)
Gantt Charts encourage a one-step approach to
planning this prevents flexibility in project planning.
Modern day Gantt Charts, using PC software, can look
very professional without actually having meaning,
preventing project teams from challenging their
content. This can lead to difficulties later in the
project. (Maylor, 2001)
As Gantt Charts are difficult to update manually, they
can often become obsolete.

Importance
Gantt charts were employed on
major infrastructure projects
including the Hoover Dam and
Interstate highway system and
continue to be an important tool in
project management and programme
management.

SCHEDULING INNOVATION
This chart was formulated for providing graphic
schedule for planning and controlling of the work, and
recoding progress towards stage of a project.
The chart has modern variation, PERT(Program
Evaluation and Review Techniques.
PERT is a tool for controlling Quality and Efficiency of
the work and workers.
PERT HAS FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES A PERT chart explicitly defines and makes visible
dependencies between the WBS elements.
PERT encourages the identifications of the projects
critical path.
PERT encourages the identification of early and late
start, slack for each activity.

REWARDING INNOVATION
The Task And Bonus System: He linked the bonus paid to
managers to how well they taught their employees to improve
performance.

Gantts task and bonus system was introduced in 1901 as a

variation on taylors differential piece-rate system.
With Gantts System, the employee received a bonus in
addition to his regular day rate if he accomplished the task of
the day, he would still receive the day rate even if the task was
not completed.
As a result of introducing gantts system which enabled workers
to earn a living while learning to increase their efficiency,
production often more than doubled.
This convinced Gantt that concern for the worker and employee
morale was one of the most important factors in management.

HIS WORKS
Gantt (1903) describes two types of balances:
The "mans record", which shows what each worker should do and did
do, and
The "daily balance of work", which shows the amount of work to be done
and the amount that is done.
Production cards" for assigning work to each operator and recording
how much was done each day.

In his 1916 book "Work, Wages, and Profits:

Gantt explicitly discusses scheduling, especially in the job shop
environment.

He proposes giving to the foreman each day an Order of work"

that is an ordered list of jobs to be done that day.
He discusses the need to coordinate activities to avoid
Interferences".

 In his 1919 book "Organizing for

Work" Gantt gives two principles for
his charts:
One, measure activities by the amount of time needed to
complete them;
Two, the space on the chart can be used to represent the
amount of the activity that should have been done in that
time.

THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF

BUSINESS
He believed increasingly that management had obligations to
the community at large, and that the profitable organisation had
a duty towards the welfare of society.
In Organizing for Work, he argued that there was a conflict
between profits and service, and that the businessman who says
that profits are more important than the service he renders 'has
forgotten that his business system had a foundation in service,
and as far as the community is concerned has no reason for
existence except the service it can render.'
These concerns led him to assert that: 'the business system
must accept its social responsibility and devote itself primarily
to service, or the community will ultimately make the attempt to
take it over in order to operate it in its own interest.'
Gantt was hugely influenced by the events in Russia in 1917
and, in fear that big business was sacrificing service to profit, he
began to attack the profit system itself, calling for public service
corporations to ensure service to the community.

IN PERSPECTIVE
Gantt was a prolific writer and speaker. He addressed the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers on a number of occasions.
One of his papers - Training Workmen in Habits of Industry and Cooperation (1908) - has been noted by several commentators as
giving a unique insight into the human relations dimension of
management at a time when scientific management was at its peak.
His approach to the foreman as teacher marks him as an early
contributor to human behavioural thought in a line which stretches
back to Owen and forward with Mayo to the present day.
His approach to the duty of the firm towards society also singles him
out as one of the earliest spokesmen on the social responsibility of
business.
But it is as the inventor of the Gantt Chart that he will be
remembered.