Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Chapters 3 and 11
Eukaryotic cell structure
-- you should review from Biol 131
Archeal cell structure
not much different than Bacteria

Inclusions

Ribosome
Cytoplasm

Bacterial Classification
-- you are not responsible for the
details presented in Chapter 11, but
should read about different types of
bacteria presented in class

Nucleoid
Glycocalyx

Flagellum
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane

We will be discussing classification

again as part of bacterial metabolism

Bacteria

Why are bacteria so small?

Size affects surface to volume ratio
Advantages of large S/V:
diffusion rates
metabolic rates
reproductive rates

Limits to size reduction?

defective bacteria

Really big bacteria?

-- Epulopiscium fishelsoni

Epulopiscium web site

http://www.micro.cornell.edu/cals/micro/research/labs/
angert-lab/epulopiscium.cfm

Bacteria

Classification of bacteria is murky

A Muddle in the Middle
Few distinctive characteristics
Genetically promiscuous
-- horizontal gene transfer

Traditional classification:
anatomical features
staining characteristics
metabolic properties

Newer approach
Genetic analysis

Bergeys manual is the Bible

Bacteria

Classification based upon

anatomical features
3 common shapes

-- coupled with staining properties

e.g.,
Gram-pos cocci
Gram-neg bacilli

Some unusual shapes also:

Bacteria

Classification based upon

anatomical features
-- more info about these is in Chap 11
Other unusual bacteria
Spirochetes
Cell wall-less (mycoplasmas)
Stalked
Filamentous

Streptomyces

Myxobacteria fruiting bodies

Bacteria

External Anatomical Structures

-- Bacterial Flagella
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
Arrangements
monotrichous
lophoamphiperi-

How do we know movement

is rotational?
Flagella movement

Flagella Details
Bacteria

How do flagellated
bacteria move?

Run and Tumble pattern

Chromatium motility
Bacterial movement
Bacteria

Spirochetes
-- very strange structure
-- e.g., Borrelia, Treponema
Axial filaments
Outer sheath
Motility

Borrelia Movement
Spirochetes
Bacteria

Fimbriae and Pili

Fimbriae
adhesion to surfaces

Pili (pilus)
genetic recombination
other functions?

Bacteria

The glycocalyx
Functions
Biofilms
-- adherence
-- virulence
Prevent desiccation

Composition
Capsule layers
vs

Slime layers
xantham gum(Xanthomonas)

S. Pneumo evasion

Bacteria

10

Cell wall structure

Hans Christian Gram -- 1884
-- Crystal violet

Gram positive structure

-- thick layer of peptidoglycan

Gram negative structure

-- inner vs outer membranes
-- thin layer of peptidoglycan
-- lipopolysaccharides and endotoxins

Acid fast staining

-- Mycobacterium

Lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) layer
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan

Effect of penicillin

Cell membrane

Bacteria

11

Cell Membrane
Structure
Review basic membrane
structure from Biol 131
-- Phospholipid bilayers
-- Membrane proteins
-- Membrane fluidity

Membranes of
thermophilic archaebacteria

Bacteria

12

Components of prokaryotic cytosol

No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA

Inclusions
food or waste storage

Bacteria

13

Endospores
Clostridium & Bacillus
Formation and regrowth
Special properties?
-- desiccated
-- DNA binding proteins
-- Ca-dipicolinic acid
Endospore formation

Magnetotactic bacteria
-- possess magnetosomes

Magnetotactic Bacteria
Bacteria

14