Routing Protocols

Carolina Orjuela Castillo

Msc. Electrical Engineering
Student

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

Basics
Moving Information across the network from
AB
R. Protocols allows a router to
Dynamically recognize and learn new routes
Determine which route is available
More efficient routes.
Layer 3 (Network) OSI Model.
Routing packets:
-Interior Routing: Within Autonomous
Systems
-Exterior Routing: Between the autonomous
systems
Routing Protocols

4/16/15

Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

Basics
Main Types of Routing Algorithms
Distance Vector Routing: Determine the best path by
calculating the distance of the destination.
+ Use Metrics to calculate the distance
+ Are simple an efficient in small networks
+Requ. Little management
+Problems of scalability.
Link state Routing: more sophisticated, Link Variables
(Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability and Load)
+Shared Routing tables
+needs a partial Map of the network
+changes?... Recompute and share new tables.
+Flexibility, make better decisions.
4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

Routing Protocols
Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

IGRP: Interior Gateway

Routing Protocol

Cisco in the mid of 1980

Useful for routing small to moderated Networks, but no very
flexible for complex Networks
Compare the routes by measurement of the distance
Send routing table in a routing-update message at regular
intervals to each of their neighboring routers. So they can
detect changes and failures in the network and calculate
distances to all known destinations.
Multipath routing
8

16

24

32bit

Version

Opcode

Edition

ASystem

Ninterior

Nsystem

Nexterior

Checksum

Fig . Protocol Structure IGRP

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela
Castillo

EIGRP: Enhanced Interior

Gateway Routing Protocol

Enhance version of IGRP

Used for TCP/IP and OSI Networks, well scalability
Stores all neighbors routing tables to adapt alternative
routes quickly .
Just send partial updates automatically (just to the routers
that really need the inf. ) when the network changes
Less Bandwidth consume
8

16

32 bits

Version

Opcode

Checksum
Flags

Sequence number
Acknowledge number
Asystem: Autonomous system number
Type

Length

Fig . Protocol Structure EIGRP

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

RIP and RIP2: Routing

Information Protocol

Exchanges routing inf. Between Gateways and Host.

Moderate-size networks
Use Hop count as metric: Max # of hops 15.
Runs over UDP an is used for IPv4.
Described in RFC 1058
RIP2 is a extension, add measure of security and expand
useful inf. Of the msg Described in RFC 2453
8
Command

16

32 bit

Version

Unused

Address family identifier

Route tag (only for RIP2; 0 for RIP)

IP address

Subnet mask (only for RIP2; 0 for RIP)

Next hop (only for RIP2; 0 for RIP)
Metric

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

RIPng: Routing Information

Protocol for IPv6

Next generation of RIP-RIP2

For use in more complex Environments
Support of IPv6 Networking
Described in RFC 2080

8
Command (1 byte)

16
Version (1 byte)

32bit
0 (2 bytes)

Route table entry 1 (20 bytes)

. .
Route table entry N (20 bytes)

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina
Orjuela Castillo

Routing Protocols
Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

10

IS-IS: Intermediate System to

Intermediate System

Develop by ISO, support IPv6, scalable, support very large

netw.
End systems (Users), Intermediate systems (Routers), local
groups of routes are areas, several areas together into a IS-IS
domain.
Datagram) are forwarded based on the best topological path
through the network.
2 level Hierarchical use. Routing information is exchanged
between Level 1 routers, and Level 2 routers only exchange
information with other Level 2 routers
8
16 bit
Described in RFC 1142

Intradomain routing protocol

discriminator

Length indicator

Version/protocol ID extension

ID length

R
Reserved

4/16/15

PDU type

Version
Maximum area addresses

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

11

OSPF: Open Shortest Path

First Protocol (OSPFv2)

Designed for TCP/IP

Routing between routers that belongs to a single
Autonomous system.
Send direct inf. About the links with another routers.
Routing Table is calculated with the shortest path tree.
Enables flexible configuration of IP subnets, route have IP
destination and mask (Subnets), so con OSPF find the
better match to route a packet.
8
Version No.

16
Packet Type

32 bit
Packet length

Router ID
Area ID
Checksum

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

AuType

12

Routing Protocols Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

13

Routing Protocols Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

14

GP: Exterior Gateway Protocol

Exchanging routing information between two neighbor
gateway hosts in a network of autonomous systems.
Normally used to exchange routing tables on the
internet.
Used periodic polling(120 to 480 sec), Hello/I-HeardYou (I-H-U) message exchanges, monitoring neighbor
reachability and Poll commands to solicit Update
responses.
8

16

24

32bit

Version

Type

Code

Status

Checksum

Autonomous System number

Sequence number

(The rest of the format is msg type specific.)

Fig . Message structure EGP

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina
Orjuela Castillo

15

NHRP: Next Hop Resolution

Protocol
Request response protocol. Runs for ATM

To participate in a NHRP communications the router have to

do a NHRP request.
Allow multi-access subnetworks
NHRP-Protocol assigns dynamically MAC Address of the
other routers in the network to generate an efficient
subnetworks routing doing direct communication.
8

16

24

ar$afn

32 bit

ar$pro.type
ar$pro.snap

ar$pro.snap

ar$hopcnt

ar$pkstz

ar$chksum
ar$op.version

ar$op.type

ar$extof
ar$shtl

ar$sstl

Fig . Protocol Structure - NHRP: Next Hop Resolution Protocol

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

16

Routing Protocols Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

17

BGP (BGP4 or BGP-4):

Border Gateway Protocol

Runs over TCP

Very flexible
Designed to deal with a very size large network (internet)
Able to have multiple connections to unrelated routing
domains.
Exchanges network reachability inf. With BGP systems.
With this information is able to construct a graph of the AS.
Allow aggregation of routs including aggregation of AS
paths
Support subnetting.
Marker (16 byte)

Length (2 byte)

Type (1 byte)

Fig . Protocol Structure - BGP Border Gateway Protocol

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

18

IDRP: Inter-Domain Routing

Protocol

For OSI networks. (OSI network layer address)

End systems (Users), Intermediate systems (Routers), Area
and domains. IDPR Provide routing between Domains.
Router (Boundary Intermediate System BIS) from a domain
is responsible to chare inf. Between the neighbors.
Ability to group domains (Routing Domain Confederation),
reduce of topological information, and simplifies route
selection policies
1byte

2bytes

2-4bytes

IDP

0-13bytes

1-8bytes

DSP

AFI

IDI

AFI

IDI

CDP
CFI

CDSP
CDI

RDAA

ID

SEL

Fig . Protocol Structure - IDRP

4/16/15

1byte

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina
Orjuela Castillo

19

Routing Protocols
Classification

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

4/16/15

20

Mobile IP for IPv4 and IPv6

Enable mobile computing and networking. (Internet

+Mobile communication).
Provide 2 IP address to the computers (IP address Fixed and
care-IP address, which changes with mobility).
New mobile location new care IP

8
Next Header

16
Length

Checksum

24
Type

32 bit
reserved

Data (variable)

Fig . Protocol Structure Mobile IP

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

21

RSVP: Resource
ReSerVation Protocol

Designed for Q integrated Serv. (Not really a Routing protocol

itself); it encharge to the QoS of the packets that are routed.
A Host request specific QoS from the network for data stream
flows.
Allows reserve of Bandwidth
IP multicast routing
Routes deliver OoS request to all nodes in the path, establish
and maintain a state (refreshed periodically)
Datagram's are periodically sent to refresh the state.
4
Version

8
Flags

Send TTL

16

32 bit

Message type

RSVP checksum

(Reserved)

RSVP length

Fig . Protocol Structure - RSVP

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

22

VRRP: Virtual Router

Redundancy Protocol

Designed to increase the availability of thedefault path host.

Election dynamically of virtual routers to of a MASTER (physical
router in the LAN), Control IP address an send packets to this
address.
Higher availability
described in RFC 3768
VRRP can be used over
Ethernet,MPLSandtoken ring
networks

Fig . Protocol Structure - BGP Border Gateway Protocol

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

23

Thank you!!!!

4/16/15

Routing Protocols
Information Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

24