5.

Talking Energy

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What is Energy?
Energy is the ability to do work
or to move matter.
It cannot be felt or observed,
except as light or heat or may
be sound.
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Energy Transformation
Oil generate heat -->
Heat boils water -->
Water turns to steam -->
Steam pressure turns a turbine -->
Turbine turns an electric generator -->

More the number

of conversion
stages, lesser the
energy efficiency

Generator produces electricity -->

Electricity powers light bulbs -->
Light bulbs give off light and heat

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Primary Energy & Secondary Energy

Major primary and secondary sources of supply
Source

Coal

Extraction
Open or
deep
mines

Processing

Grading

Secondary
Energy

Primary energy

Coal
purification

Coke

Hydro
Nuclear

Natural gas

Petroleum

Mining

Enrichment

Gas well

Treatment

Oil
well

Cracking
and refining

Power
station

Electricity

Natural gas

LPG
Petrol
Diesel/fuel oils
Petrochemical

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Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

Renewable energy is
energy obtained from
sources
that
are
essentially inexhaustible
Non-renewable are the
conventional fossil fuels,
which are likely to
deplete.
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How is Energy Measured?

Heating Value or Calorific Value is the measure of the
heat released during complete combustion of unit weight
of fuel
Calorific Value is measured by burning and measuring the
heat released of a known sample of fuel in a closed and
insulated device called as Bomb Calorimeter.
Calorific Value expressed as Gross or High Calorific Value
(GCV) and Net or Lower Calorific Value (NCV)
NCV = GCV Heat of vaporization of moisture in fuel
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Common Energy units

Common units of Energy are Calories or Joules
kilocalorie (or kcal) = 1000 calories
kiloJoule (or kJ) = 1000 Joules = 0.24 kcal.
Joule (J) :Joule is the SI unit of work or energy.
1 kWh of electricity = 860 kcal/unit =3600 kiloJoules
An Industry consumes 900 kiloliter of fuel oil, 5,00,000
units electricity in an year for the production. Determine
the total energy used in the plant in million Kcals/year.

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Difference between Power and Energy

Power is Energy used per unit time or RATE OF
ENERGY USE
Units used for Power is KW
1 watt = 1 Joule/second = 0.24 cal/second
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
1 megawatt = 1000 kilowatts
1 gigawatt = 1000 megawatts
1 horsepower = 746 watts
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Common terms of Electrical Energy

Ampere is the basic unit of electric current. Current is the rate of
flow of electricity
Voltage (V) is a measure of electric potential or electromotive force
1 KV = 1000 V
Alternating Current or AC is current which reverses in regularly
recurring intervals of time and which has alternately positive and
negative values, and occurring a specified number of times per
second.
Direct current (DC) is a non-varying, unidirectional electric current
Frequency i.e. supply frequency tells us the cycles at
which alternating current changes. A unit of frequency
is hertz .(Hz :cycles per second).

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Common terms of Electrical Energy

Kilovolt Ampere (KVA) is the product of kilovolts and
amperes and measures the electrical load on a circuit or
system.
For a single phase electrical circuit = Voltage x Amperes
1000.
For a three phase circuit

= 1.732 x Voltage x Amperes

1000

KVAR is the reactive power. Reactive power is the portion of apparent

power that does no work.

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Common terms of Electrical Energy

KiloWatt KW is the real power or the work-producing part of apparent
power.
Single phase = Voltage x Amperes x power factor
1000
Three phase =

1.732 x Voltage x Amperes x power factor

1000.

Kilowatt-hour is the energy used by 1000 watts in one hour. If 1kW

(1000 watts) of a electrical equipment is operated for 1 hour, It would
consumes 1 kWh of power (1 unit of electricity)

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Power Factor
Power Factor (PF) = Actual or Useful Power (KW)
Apparent Power (KVA)
Power Factor Measurement
A power analyzer can measure PF directly or
alternately kWH, kVAH or kVAR readings are
recorded from the billing meter installed at the
incoming point of supply. The relation KWh/
KVAh measures the power factor.
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Contract Demand, Billing Demand and

Maximum Demand
Contract demand is the amount of electricity that a
customer demands from utility in a specified interval. Unit
used is KVA or KW
Billing Demand is the highest average KVA recorded during
any one demand interval normally 30 minutes within the
month.
Maximum KW/ KVA requirement over a billing cycle is
called as Maximum Demand
Electrical power supplying companies charge industrial
customers based not only on the amount of energy used
(kwh) but also on the peak demand (kVA) for each month.

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Time Of Day (TOD)

Electrical Power supplying companies like to
achieve high plant load efficiency in their plant
Encourage users to draw power during nonpeak period
Towards above objectives, Utilities offer
incentives to such as TOD tariff encourage
non-peak power consumption

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3 Phase Power

High power machines such pumps, compressors etc.

in the industry use 3 phase power
At home we use a single phase supply for lights and
fans, since they are of low capacity

3 Power Consumption = 3

Cos

xVxIx

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Motor Loading
Motor name plate details:

KW or HP indicates output of motor of full load

Loading is the ratio of actual power drawn to the full

load rating of the motor

Problem:
Find out the motor loading of a 10 KW motor. The name plate
details shows 415 v,18.2 amps and 0.9 PF.
Power measurement details: 415 v, 12 amps and 0.7 PF which
was measured with power analyzer during motor running.
Find out the Motor Loading?

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Single Phase Power

Mostly used for lighting, fractional HP motors and
electric heater applications
Problem-1
A 100 Watt mercury vapor lamp was switched on for 12
hours per day. The supply volt is 230 V.
Find the power
consumption per day? (Volt = 230 V, Current = 5 amps, PF
= 0.8)

Problem-2
An electric heater of 5 Kw rating is used for hot water
generation in an industry during one shift ( 8 Hours
operation). Find Power consumption per month?
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Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law states that energy may be converted from one form to
another, but it is never lost from the system.

2nd Law
In any conversion of energy from one form to another, some
amount of energy will be dissipated as heat.
No energy conversion is 100 % efficient.
This principle is used in energy equipment efficiency
calculations.
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Laws of Conservation of Matter

Matter is neither created nor destroyed,

but it may be changed from one form to
another.
This Principle is useful in energy and
material balance calculations

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High and Low Grade Energy

Examples of High Grade Energy are Light Energy
and Chemical Energy (in Coal)
High-grade energy such as electricity is used for highgrade use such as melting of iron, aluminum etc.
An Example of Low Grade Energy is Heat Energy

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Combined Heat and Power

Typical process industry needs both steam and
power
Instead of separate generation of steam and
procurement of power, CHP plant enables cogeneration of steam and power at site
Benefits: Maximizing energy efficiency and
minimizing cost for the industry

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Energy Efficiency
Efficiency of an energy conversion

A
Energy Input, KJ

Hot water
boiler

Efficiency (%) =

Useful
energy(KJ)

Waste
energy (kJ)

X x 100
A

Conversion

Example

Efficiency
(%)

Chemical to heat

Gas water
boiler

70-90

Electrical to
mechanical

Electric motor

70-90

Heat to
mechanical

Steam turbine

45

Portion of Energy which ends up doing useful work

Energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same function.
Example: Replacing traditional light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFLs) means you will use only 1/5th of the energy to light a room

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Energy Efficiency Measures

Typical Energy Efficiency Measures in Industry are:

Stopping idle running of machines, utilities, lights

etc.
Arresting water, steam, compressed air and oil
leaks
Using alternate and less intensive energy for
production
Effective Insulation
Heat recovery equipment
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Importance of Energy Efficiency

60% of Coal and other Fossil Fuels have been
consumed in last 200 years
85% of world industrial need met from nonrenewable sources
Exploration, transportation and burning of Fossil
fuels creates irreversible environmental damage
All Energy Efficiency Measures leads to reduction
of GHG emission ultimately
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