Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TO DOLOMITE
Presented by: Zohreh Baghban
Professor: Dr. Shafiee
10/30/2014
Content
Recrystallization vs. dolomitization
Carbonate rocks
Limestone
Dolostone
Limestone vs. dolomite
Porosity and permeability
References
Recrystallization
A specimen of coarsely crystalline dolomitic marble from Thornwood, New
York. This specimen is approximately 3 inches (6.7 centimeters) across.
CARBONATE ROCKS
Carbonate Rocks
The carbonate rocks make up 10 to 15% of sedimentary rocks. They largely
consist of two types of rocks.
Limestones which are composed mostly of calcite (CaCO3) or high Mg
calcite [(Ca,Mg)CO3], and
Dolostones which are composed mostly of dolomite [CaMg(CO 3)2]
Because carbonate minerals in general are soluble in slightly acidic waters,
they often have high porosity and permeability, making them ideal
reservoirs for petroleum.
LIMESTONE
Photomicrograph showing skeletal oolitic
limestone, with clean calcite cement, from the
Lower Triassic Period (magnified 18). Courtesy
of A. Bosellini
Limestone
Limestone is asedimentary rockcomposed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) in
the form of the mineralcalcite.
Limestones are for the most part primary carbonate rocks.
They consist of 50 percent or more calcite and aragonite (both CaCO 3).
It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters.
Limestone is forming in the Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Gulf of
Mexico, around Pacific Ocean islands and within the Indonesian archipelago.
The limestone that makes up these cave formations is known as "travertine" and is a
chemical sedimentary rock. A rock known as "tufa" is a limestone formed by
evaporation at a hot spring, lake shore, or other area.
All limestones contain at least a few percent other materials. These can be small
particles of quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, pyrite, siderite and other minerals.
DOLOSTONE
Photomicrograph showing pisolitic dolomite from
the Upper Triassic Period (magnified 5).
Courtesy of A. Bosellini
Dolostone
Dolostones are carbonate rocks composed almost entirely of dolomite - (Ca,Mg)CO 3.
Dolomites are mainly produced by the secondary alteration or replacement of
limestones; i.e., the mineral dolomite [CaMg(CO 3)2] replaces the calcite and aragonite
minerals in limestones duringdiagenesis.
Almost all dolomites are believed to be produced by recrystallization of preexisting
limestones, although the exact details of this dolomitization process continue to be
debated.
Most dolostones appear to result from diagenetic conversion of calcite or high-Mg
calcite to dolomite, after primary deposition of the original calcium carbonate bearing
minerals.
Dolomite originates in the same sedimentary environments as limestone - warm,
shallow, marine environments where calcium carbonate mud accumulates in the
form of shell debris, fecal material, coral fragments and carbonate precipitates.
REFERENCES
References
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/532232/sedimentary-rock/80283/Shales-of-economic-value
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/carbonates.htm
http://geology.com/rocks/dolomite.shtml
http://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml
http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/hacker/geo102C/lectures/part2.html
http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/carb_porosity/index.html
U.S. Geological Survey, 600 Fourth Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.
R. P. Steinen, 1980, Mississippian non-supratidal dolomite, Ste. Genevieve Limestone, Illinois basin: Evidence for mixed-water
dolomitization,inD. H. Zenger, J. B. Dunham, and R. L. Ethington, eds., Concepts and models of dolomitization: SEPM Spec. Pub.
28, p. 163-196.
Zenger, D. H., J. B. Dunham, and R. L. Ethington, eds., 1980, Concepts and models of dolomitization: SEPM Spec. Publ. 28, 320 p.
http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/PS3 /
http://www.beg.utexas.edu/lmod/_ IOL-CM07/old-4.29.03/cm07-step04.htm
http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/85/3/530/F2.expansion.html#F1