Positioning 1

GPS

Nominal 24 sats, 20 000 km, 6 planes

Now: 28 sats; 7 sats on 1 string
(Pseudo) Distance measurement
L1: C/A + P code ; L2: P code
4 sats needed for 3D+T solution
SA off 1 May 2000,
Accuracy: 100m => 15-20 m (95%)
no integrity

Pos. 2 GPS Modernization 1

GPS Block I=>II=>IIA=>IIR=>IIR-M=>IIF=>III
ClassicIIR: now 6 sats
IIR-M from 2003: Separation of signals on L1 and L2; adding
L2C (2 codes); better single-freq. on L2C; better dual-freq.;
better carrier tracking (backward compatible)

POS. 3 GPS Modernization 2

Sept. 2005 launch of Block II-F with L5
L5 in ARNS band (aviation 2 freq..)
In 2010 only 15 II-F sats (2015 => 24)
Summary of signals in 2015:
L1 C/A; L1 P; L1 M; L2 C; L2 P; L2 M; L5 C
Companies for development of specifications of GPS III,
looking at 2030.

Positioning

(4)

Revised A.860(20) for GNSS reqs. 22 Jan. 2002 IMO

Assembly=> Res. A.915(22)
Accuracy 1 m for ports, 10 m other areas
Alert limit 2.5 times accuracy
Alert time 10 s
integrity risk 10-5/3h
Availability 99.8% over 30 days
continuity in restricted waters 99.97%/3h
Fix interval 1 second

Positioning

(5)

IALA DGPS beacons widely used; from 2001 new frequency

plan in Europe
GLONASS not widely used (now 4 SATs)
SBAS, (EGNOS, WAAS, MSAS) => 2004
Galileo => key decision taken on 26 March 2002:
proceed with 2nd phase; operational in 08
Europes nav. Infrastructure independent !

Positioning (6) GALILEO

Open Service with 2 freq.
Safety of Life service
Integrity
Comm. Service
Public regulated Services (2 separate freq)
SAR service and limited com function
Integration of EGNOS later

Positioning (7)
WAAS messages (Alaska!)
Loran-C messages (integrity, timing,control
Europe: NELS agreement ends in 2004 .
Eurofix on 4 transmitters
US and EU developments not compatible

Positioning (8)

THREATS

GPS and Galileo have very weak signals: Interference

intentional and unintentional (UWB), jamming, spoofing,
maeconing, shading
(D)GPS used as sole means of information in GMDSS,
ECDIS, Track control, AIS
SOLUTION multi sensor integrated navigation with RAIM

Positioning (9)

FUTURE

Candidate systems:
- GPS/Galileo + SBAS + GBAS for ocean and coastal
navigation
- Possible additional Loran-C / Eurofix for regional
applications, harbour approaches
Conditions for user acceptance:
- IMO acceptance of Galileo (A.915(22)); - IMO
carriage requirements (SOLAS);
- Low cost receivers

Positioning

(10)

(D)GPS not used as sole means of navigation in strict sense in

maritime applications:
- visual beacons, buoys
- Radar
- VTS
- Maritime pilots

GPS receivers now

Civil L1 all in view receivers (millions)
Military P code receivers on L1 and L2 (hundreds of
thousands)
Dual freq. Survey receivers (ca 50,000); lucrative market of
complex receivers for static and RTK applications
DGPS IALA (maritime and land)
WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS (aviation + )

GNSS receivers future

Single freq. GPS on L1, L2, or L5
Dual freq. GPS L1-2 or L1-5 (iono corr.)
GPS Carrier on 3 freq.
Each possible in combination with Galileo
DRIVER: mobile phone E911, in Europe 112;
data by GSM/UMTS + multi correlator (16000) => indoor
GNSS
single chip => no-chip (100 millions)

Movement
Requirement for very large vessels in narrow waters and
(automatic) berthing
Acoustic systems sometimes block
Ideal:
- longitudinal and lateral speed of fore and aft ship
- accuracy better than 0.1 cm/s in the speed range between
1 and 10 cm/s

SUMMARY
GPS modernisation speeded up by EU plans for Galileo;
WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, DGPS, LAAS
Galileo operational in 2008, integr. EGNOS
EU Loran-C unsure; EU and US WADGPS over Loran-C not
compatible
Multi sensor receivers with RAIM needed for AIS, GMDSS,
track control and ECDIS
Technology push by E911 requirements
Improvement speed measurement needed
Lack of manning is threat for safety