Basics of a Electric Motor

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A Two Pole DC Motor

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A Four Pole DC Motor

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Operating Principle of a DC Machine

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Flemings Left Hand Rule Or

Motor Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD

TH
U

M
B

M
OT

IO

900
900
900
MIDDLE FINGER= CURRENT

FORCE = B IAl
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Flemings Right Hand Rule Or

Generator Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD

B
=
O
M

900

M
U

900

TH

900

TI
N
O

MIDDLE FINGER = INDUCED

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE = B l u
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Action of a Commutator

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Armature of a DC Motor

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Generated Voltage in a DC Machine

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Summary of a DC Machine

Basically consists of

1. An electromagnetic or permanent magnetic structure called

field which is static
2. An Armature which rotates

The Field produces a magnetic medium

The Armature produces voltage and torque under the action
of the magnetic field

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Voltage and Torque developed in a

DC Machine
Induced EMF, EA = Km (volts)
Developed Torque, Tdev = KIA (Newton-meter
or Nm)
where m is the speed of the armature in rad/sec.,
is the flux per pole in weber (Wb)
IA is the Armature current
K is the machine constant

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Interaction of Prime-mover DC Generator

and Load
Tdev
+

DC Generator EA
-

Tpm

Load

Prime-mover
(Turbine)

IA

VL

EA is Generated voltage
VL is Load voltage
Tpm is the Torque generated by Prime Mover
Tdev is the opposing generator torque
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Interaction of the DC Motor

and Mechanical Load
+

IA

Tload
+

VT

EA DC Motor

- -

m
Tdev

Mechanical
Load
(Pump,
Compressor)

EA is Back EMF
VT is Applied voltage
Tdev is the Torque developed by DC Motor
Tload is the opposing load torque
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Power Developed in a DC Machine

Neglecting Losses,
Input mechanical power to dc generator
= Tdev m= KIAm =EA IA
= Output electric power to load
Input electrical power to dc motor
= EA IA= K m IA = Tdev m
= Output mechanical power to load
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Equivalence of motor and generator

In every generator there is a motor (Tdev opposes Tpm)

In every motor there is a generator (EA opposes VT)

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Separately Excited DC Machine

RA

+
Vf

Armature

Field Coil

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Shunt Excited DC Machine

Shunt Field Coil

Armature
RA

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Series Excited DC Machine

RA

Armature

Series Field Coil

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Compound Excited DC Machine

Series Field Coil

Shunt Field Coil

Armature
RA

If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a cumulatively
excited machine
If the shunt and series field oppose each other it is called a differentially
excited machine
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DC Machine-Example I
A dc motor has Ra =2 , IA=5 A, EA = 220V, m = 1200 rpm.
Determine i) voltage applied to the armature, developed torque,
developed power . ii) Repeat with m = 1500 rpm. Assume same
I A.
Solution on Greenboard

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Separately Excited DC Motor

Torque-speed Characteristics
RA
+
Vf

Armature

Field Coil
Tdev

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Series Excited DC Motor

Torque-Speed Characteristics
RA

Armature
Series Field Coil

Tdev

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Speed Control of Separately Excited

DC Motor(2)
By Controlling Terminal Voltage VT and keeping If or
constant at rated value .This method of speed control is applicable
for speeds below rated or base speed.
m

Tdev1<Tdev2< Tdev3
Tdev1

Tdev2

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Tdev3

VT

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Speed Control of Separately Excited

DC Motor
By Controlling(reducing) Field Current If or and keeping
VT at rated value. This method of speed control is applicable
for speeds below rated speed.
m

Tdev1<Tdev2< Tdev3

Tdev1
Tdev3

Tdev2

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DC Machine-Example II
A separately excited dc motor with negligible armature resistance
operates at 1800 rpm under no-load with VT =240V(rated voltage).
The rated speed of the motor is 1750 rpm.
i) Determine VT if the motor has to operate at 1200 rpm under no-load.
ii) Determine (flux/pole) if the motor has to operate at 2400 rpm
under no-load; given that K = 400/.
iii) Determine the rated flux per pole of the machine.
Solution on Greenboard

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