Cardiovascular Dynamics

PhysioEx 9.1 Exercise 5

Group 7
Naceno
Neptuno
Pacia
Pajarillo

Introduction

The Circulatory System

Composed of a vast network of organs and vessels that is
responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other
gases, and hormones to and from cells
It is made up of three independent systems that work together:
the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary) and arteries, veins,
In the average human, about 2,000 gallons (7,572 liters) of blood
travel daily through about 60,000 miles (96,560 kilometers) of
blood vessels.
An average adult has 5 to 6 quarts (4.7 to 5.6 liters) of blood,
which is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets

http://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html

Cardiovascular Dynamics
Composed of a pump or the heart
and blood vessels that distribute
blood containing oxygen
Flow=pressure gradient/resistance
Blood flow is defined as the amount
of blood moving through a body area
or the entire cardiovascular system
in a given amount of time

Cardiovascular Dynamics
Total Blood flow is determined by
cardiac output
Blood flow can increase to some
areas and decrease at other areas at
the SAME time
Resistance is a measure of the
degree to which the blood vessel
hinders or resists the flow of blood

Cardiovascular Dynamics
Smaller blood vessel radius, greater the
resistance because of the frictional drag
between the blood and vessel walls
Vasconstriction is the contraction of
smooth muscle of the blood vessel and
results in decrease of blood vessel radius
Vasodilation is the relaxation of the
smooth muscle of the blood vessel which
causes increase in vessel radius

Cardiovascular Dynamics
The longer the vessel length, greater
the resistance ( because of friction
between blood and vessel wall)
Viscosity is blood thickness and
determined by hematocrit (fractional
contribution of RBC to total blood
volume)
High hematocrit, greater viscosity

Cardiovascular Dynamics
Blood flow is directly proportional to
blood pressure
Blood flow(ml/min)= Pressure
difference/peripheral resistance

Objectives
To understand how blood vessel radius, viscosity,
blood vessel length, and blood pressure affect
blood flow rate
To interpret plots of blood vessel radius, viscosity,
blood vessel length, and blood pressure versus
blood flow rate
To understand how a change in blood vessel radius
affects flow rate and heart rate
To explore how heart rate and stroke volume
contribute to cardiac output and blood flow
To understand how the heart compensates for
changes in afterload

Materials & Methods

Materials
Activities 1-4:
Left beaker simulates blood flowing
from the heart
Flow tube between the left and right
beaker simulates an artery
Right beaker another organ

Materials
Activities 5-7:
Left beaker blood coming from the lungs
Flow tube connecting the left beaker and the
pump pulmonary veins
Pump left ventricle
Left valve biscuspid valve
Right valve aortic semilunar valve
Flow tube connecting the pump and the right
beaker aorta
Right beaker blood going to the systemic circuit

Methods

Activities 1-4

Methods

Activities 5-7:

Results & Discussion

Effect of blood vessel radius on

blood flow rate
Controlling blood vessel radius
principal method of controlling blood
flow
done by contracting or relaxing the
smooth muscle within the blood
vessel walls

Effect of blood vessel radius on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood vessel radius on

blood flow rate
Laminar flow
Free-flowing of blood in the middle of
the vessel

Effect of blood vessel radius on

blood flow rate
Fully constricted vessel
More blood is in contact with the vessel
wall
Less laminar flow
Fully dilated vessel
More blood is able to flow freely
More laminar flow

Effect of blood vessel radius on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood vessel radius on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood viscosity on

blood flow rate
Viscosity
Thickness or stickiness of a fluid
If a fluid is more viscous, there would
be more resistance to flow

Effect of blood viscosity on

blood flow rate
Viscosity of blood
Due to plasma proteins and formed
elements
Formed elements and plasma proteins
slide past one another, increasing the
resistance to flow
Factors such as dehydration and altered
blood cell numbers influence the
viscosity of blood

Effect of blood viscosity on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood viscosity on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood viscosity on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood vessel length on

blood flow rate
Blood vessel length
Increases as we grow to maturity
Remains fairly constant in adulthood,
unless we gain or lose weight
The longer the vessel, the greater the
resistance to flow

Effect of blood vessel length on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood vessel length on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood pressure on

blood flow rate
Pressure gradient
Pressure difference between the two
ends of a blood vessel
Driving force behind blood flow

Effect of blood pressure on

blood flow rate
Force of contraction of the heart
Provides the initial pressure and the
vascular resistance contributes to the
pressure gradient
Blood vessels need to be able to
respond to the change in force

Effect of blood pressure on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood pressure on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood pressure on

blood flow rate

Effect of blood vessel radius

on pump activity
Heartbeat
Filling interval
Movement of blood into the chambers
of the heart
Ejection period

Effect of blood vessel radius

on pump activity
Diastole
Heart chambers fill up
Relaxation of the heart
Systole
Pump blood out
Contraction of the heart

Effect of blood vessel radius

on pump activity
End diastolic volume (EDV)
Volume in the ventricles at the end of
diastole, just before cardiac contraction
Stroke volume
Volume ejected by a single ventricular
contraction
End systolic volume (ESV)
Volume remaining in the ventricle after
contraction

Effect of blood vessel radius

on pump activity
Cardiac output (CO)
CO = HR x SV
Blood Pressure (P)
P = flow x R
P = HR x SV x R

Effect of blood vessel radius

on pump activity

Effect of blood vessel radius

on pump activity

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity
Stroke volume (SV)
SV = EDV ESV
Frank-Starling law of the Heart

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity
Preload
Degree to which ventricles are
stretched by the EDV
Contractility
Strength of cardiac muscle
contraction and its ability to generate
force

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity
Length-tension relationship
Afterload
Back pressure generated by the blood
in the aorta d the pulmonary trunk

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity
Cardiac output
CO = HR x SV

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity

Effect of stroke volume on

pump activity

Compensation in
pathological cardiovascular
conditions

If a blood vessel is compromised, the

cardiovascular system can
compensate to some degree
Aortic valve stenosis
Condition where there is partial
blockage of the aortic semilunar
valve, increasing resistance to blood
flow and left ventricular afterload

Compensation in
pathological cardiovascular
conditions

To increase contractility, the

myocardium becomes thicker
Diseased hearts
Athletes hearts

Valves ensure that blood flows in one

direction through the heart

Compensation in
pathological cardiovascular
conditions

Atherosclerosis
Plaques in arteries
Can cause an increase in resistance,
which results to a decrease in flow rate
A type of arteriosclerosis in which
the arteries have lost their elasticity
Leads to heart disease

Compensation in
pathological cardiovascular
conditions

3 compensation mechanisms to
improve flow rate
1.Increasing the left flow tube radius
(preload)
2.Increasing the pumps pressure
(contractility)
3.Decreasing the pressure in the right
beaker (afterload)

Compensation in
pathological cardiovascular
conditions

Conclusions

Conclusions
Increasing the blood vessel radius would result
to an increase in blood flow rate and they have
an exponential relationship
The flow rate exponentially decreases as blood
viscosity is increased
The flow rate exponentially decreases as blood
vessel length is increased
There is a linear relationship between the blood
pressure and flow rate. Increasing the pressure
would result to a corresponding increase in
blood flow rate

Conclusions
The flow rate exponentially increases
as the blood vessel radius is
increased
the flow rate is at constant as the
stroke volume is increased
The cardiovascular system can
compensate at a certain degree to
some pathological irregularities