ELECTRICAL MACHINE

EEP 3243

Lt C d r O n g K h ye Lia t R M N
2 Feb 2010

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RECAP/ADDITION

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 Ideal Transformer with
An Imperfect Core
Core having hysteresis loss, eddy-current


loss and low permeability.



FIG 1 : An imperfect core represented by a reactance Xm and a

resistance Rm.

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 Cont.
• The following Where
equations apply: R
m = resistance
• representing the iron
losses, Ω
X
m = magnetizing
reactance of the
primary winding, Ω
E
1 = primary voltage, V
 Pm = iron losses, W
 Qm = reactive power
needed to set up the
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 Ideal Transformer with
Loose Coupling
• Transformer possesses 2 leakage fluxes, a
mutual flux and winding resistance R1
and R2 in series with the respective
windings.
•

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 Equivalent Circuit of
a Practical Transformer

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 Simplifying the Equivalent Circuit
At no load


 I1 and I2 = 0. Io flows in R1 and Xf1 .

 R1 and Xf1 are so small compare to Xm and Rm and I2 is zero.
So R1, R2, Xf1 and Xf2 can be neglected.


7
 Cont.
• At full load (for 500kVA above)


W h e re
X p = totaltransformer leakage reactance referred to
th e p rim a ry sid e


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 Voltage Regulation
• W ith p rim a ry vo lta g e h e ld co n sta n t a t its
ra te d va lu e , th e vo lta g e re g u la tio n ( in
% ) is
•


W h e re


 E NL = secondary voltage at no load

 E FL = secondary voltage at fullload
-
•

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 Measuring Transformer Impedances

• B y o p e n circu it te st a n d sh o rt circu it
te st w e ca n d e te rm in e th e a ctu a l
va lu e o f X m , R m , R p and X p .


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 Open Circuit Test
• O p e n circu it te st, ra te d vo lta g e is a p p lie d
to p rim a ry w in d in g a n d cu rre n t Io ,
vo lta g e E p , active power P m and
se co n d a ry o p e n circu it vo lta g e E s are
m e a su re .
•

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 Cont.
Where
P
m = active power absorbed by
core
S
m = EpIo = apparent power
absorbed by core
Q
m = reactive power absorbed
by core


FIG 1 : Open-circuit test and

determination of Rm, Xm, and turns
ratio.

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 Cont.
• Core loss, resistance Rm
•


• Magnetizing reactance
FIG 1 : Open-circuit test and
Xm
determination of Rm, Xm, and turns 
ratio.

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 Short Circuit Test
• S h o rt circu it te st, th e se co n d a ry w in d in g
is sh o rt circu ite d a n d vo lta g e E g much
lo w e r th a n n o rm a lis a p p lie d to th e
p rim a ry. T h e E sc , current Isc and power
P sc are measured on the primary side
•

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 Cont.
• Total transformer
impedance referred
to primary side


•
FIG 2 Short-circuit test to determine
leakage resistance and winding • Total transformer
resistance.
resistance referred
to primary side
•

15
 Cont.
• Total transformer
leakage
reactance
referred to
primary side


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 Losses and Transformer Rating
• Tra n sfo rm e r h a s lo sse s a s fo llo w in g :
– I2R losses in the windings
– Hysteresis and eddy current losses in the
core
– Stray losses due to current induced in the
tank and metal supports by leakage
fluxes.
• The losses can be noticed by the form heat
and drop in efficiency
–


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 Cont.
• To keep the transformer temperature at an
acceptable level, we must set limits to
the applied voltage and the current
drawn by the load. These 2 limits
determine the nominal voltage En and
nominal current In of transformer
primary and secondary windings.
• Power rating of a transformer is equal
to En X In of primary or secondary
winding.
•
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 Efficiency of A Transformer
• T h e e fficie n cy o f a tra n sfo rm e r is h ig h e r
th a n th e o th e r m a ch in e s b e ca u se it h a s
n o m o vin g p a rts. T h e e fficie n cy o f a n y
m a ch in e ca n b e d e fin e d a s ra tio o f its
o u tp u t to in p u t,


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 Introducing the Per-unit Method
in Transformer
• Pe r-u n it n o ta tio n is o fte n e n co u n te r w h e n
d e a lin g w ith e le ctrica lm a ch in e s
b e ca u se g ive th e re la tive m a g n itu d e s o f
im p e d a n ce s, vo lta g e s, cu rre n ts a n d
p o w e rs.
• In ste a d o f exp re ssin g R 1, R2,Xf1 , Xf2 , Xm and
Rm in ohms, we could express them
relative to another ohmic value.
•
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 Cont.
• T h e b e st a p p ro a ch in ch o o sin g th e b a se is
to e m p lo y th e n o m in a llo a d , Z ns , Znp
(voltage and current) of each side of
transformer.
• Circuit elements on primary side are
always compared with the nominal load
impedance on the primary side, and so the
secondary side with secondary nominal
load impedance.
•

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 Cont.
• R 1, R2,Xf1 , Xf2 , Xm and Rm are per-unit value
and Znp , Zns ,Sn, Enp , Ens , Inp , Ins are all
base quantities.
• In power and distribution transformers,
the total internal impedance Zp always
indicated on the nameplate. It expressed
as a percent of the nominal load
impedance. For example, 3.6% means per-
unit value of Zp is 0.036.
•
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The Typical Per-unit Values
of Transformer.

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Problem 1

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 Transformers in Parallel
• C o n n e ctin g se co n d tra n sfo rm e r in p a ra lle l
to a llo w lo a d sh a rin g . To e n su re p ro p e r
lo a d sh a rin g b e tw e e n 2 tra n sfo rm e rs,
th e fo llo w in g m u sh p o sse ss:
– S a m e p rim a ry a n d se co n d a ry vo lta g e s.
– S a m e p e r-u n it im p e d a n ce .


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 Cont.
• Te rm in a ls h a vin g th e sa m e p o la rity a re
co n n e cte d to g e th e r. W ro n g co n n e ctio n
w illca u se se ve re sh o rt-circu it.
•

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 Cont.
• To ca lcu la te th e cu rre n ts flo w in g in
e a ch tra n sfo rm e r w h ich in p a ra lle l,
first d e te rm in e th e e q u iva le n t circu it
o f th e syste m :


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 Cont.
 E q u iva le n t circu it o f a tra n sfo rm e r fe e d in g
th e lo a d Z L.
§E p is the primary
vo lta g e .
§Z p1 is the impedance of
the transformer referred
to primary side.
§a is the turn ratio and
the circuit can be
simplified

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Cont.
• The primary current
in the transformers
are respectively I1
and I2 and voltage
drop E13 across the
impedances is,
•

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Cont.
• The ratio of the
primary current is
therefore determined
by the magnitude of
the respective
primary impedances
and not by the
ratings of the 2
transformers.


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Cont.
• In order that the
temperature rise be
the same for both
transformers, the
currents must be
proportional to the
respective kVA
ratings. And this
desired condition is
met if the
transformers have the
same per-unit
impedances.
 31
Problem 2

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END OF PART 6

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