Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

Chapter 2 Elementary Programming
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All right
s reserved.
Motivations
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to
create, compile, and run a Java program. Starting
from this chapter, you will learn how to solve
practical problems programmatically. Through
these problems, you will learn Java primitive data
types and related subjects, such as variables,
constants, data types, operators, expressions, and
input and output.
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Objectives
To write Java programs to perform simple computations (2.2).

To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class (2.3).
To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes (2.4).
To use variables to store data (2.52.6).
To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions (2.6).
To use constants to store permanent data (2.7).
To name classes, methods, variables, and constants by following their naming conventions (2.8).
To explore Java numeric primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, and double (2.9.1).
To perform operations using operators +, -, *, /, and % (2.9.2).
To perform exponent operations using Math.pow(a, b) (2.9.3).
To write integer literals, floating-point literals, and literals in scientific notation (2.10).
To write and evaluate numeric expressions (2.11).
To obtain the current system time using System.currentTimeMillis() (2.12).
To use augmented assignment operators (2.13).
To distinguish between postincrement and preincrement and between postdecrement and
predecrement (2.14).
To cast the value of one type to another type (2.15).
To describe the software development process and apply it to develop the loan payment program
(2.16).
To represent characters using the char type (2.17).
To represent a string using the String type (2.18).
To obtain input using the JOptionPane input dialog boxes (2.19).
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Introducing Programming with an

Example
Listing 2.1 Computing the Area of a Circle
This program computes the area of the circle.
ComputeArea
Run
IMPORTANT NOTE: (1) To enable the buttons, you must

download the entire slide file slide.zip and unzip the files into a
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JDKs bin directory in your environment path (e.g., c:\Program
Files\java\jdk1.7.0\bin in your environment path. (3) If you are
using Office 2010, check PowerPoint2010.doc located in the same
folder with this ppt file.
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animation
Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {

/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;
allocate memory
for radius
radius
no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
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animation

/** Main method */
double radius;
double area;
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
memory
radius
no value
area
no value
allocate memory
for area
// Display results
}
}
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animation

/** Main method */
double radius;
double area;
assign 20 to radius
radius
area
20
no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
// Display results
}
}
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animation

/** Main method */
double radius;
double area;
memory
radius
area
20
1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
compute area and assign

it to variable area
// Display results
}
}
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animation

/** Main method */
double radius;
double area;
memory
radius
area
20
1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
print a message to the

console
// Display results
}
}
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Reading Input from the Console

1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
2. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),

nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble(), or
nextBoolean() to obtain to a string, byte, short, int,
long, float, double, or boolean value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();
ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput
Run
ComputeAverage
Run
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10
Identifiers
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of

letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A,
Java Keywords, for a list of reserved words).
An identifier cannot be true, false, or

null.
An identifier can be of any length.
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11
Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
System.out.println("The area is +
area + " for radius "+radius);
// Compute the second area
radius = 2.0;
System.out.println("The area is +
area + " for radius "+radius);
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Declaring Variables
int x;
// Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to

// be a double variable;
char a;
// Declare a to be a
// character variable;
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13
Assignment Statements
x = 1;
// Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0;
// Assign 1.0 to radius;
a = 'A';
// Assign 'A' to a;
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Declaring and Initializing

in One Step
int x = 1;
double d = 1.4;
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15
Named Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;
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16
Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Variables and method names:
Use lowercase. If the name consists of several

words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.
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17
Naming Conventions, cont.
Class names:
Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.
Constants:
Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE
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Numerical Data Types
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19
Numeric Operators
Name
Meaning
Example
Result
Addition
34 + 1
35
Subtraction
34.0 0.1
33.9
Multiplication
300 * 30
9000
Division
1.0 / 2.0
0.5
Remainder
20 % 3
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Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %
5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
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Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10

days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:
Saturday is the 6 th day in a week
A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days
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Problem: Displaying Time

Write a program that obtains hours and
minutes from seconds.
DisplayTime
Run
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23
NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are
stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers
yield a precise integer result.
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24
Exponent Operations
System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 3));
// Displays 8.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(4, 0.5));
// Displays 2.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, 2));
// Displays 6.25
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, -2));
// Displays 0.16
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25
Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and
5.0 are literals in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;
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26
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to
hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored
in a variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 2311
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long
type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because
l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit
one).
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27
Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal
point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated
as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is
considered a double value, not a float value. You
can make a number a float by appending the letter f
or F, and make a number a double by appending
the letter d or D. For example, you can use 100.2f
or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D
for a double number.
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28
Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2,
same as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and
1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e)
represents an exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.
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29
Arithmetic Expressions
3 4 x 10( y 5)( a b c )
4 9 x
9(
)
5
x
x
y
is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)
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30
How to Evaluate an Expression

Though Java has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Java
expression and its corresponding arithmetic expression
are the same. Therefore, you can safely apply the
arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java expression.
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 1
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 1
3 + 16 + 35 1
19 + 35 1
54 - 1
53
(1) inside parentheses first

(2) multiplication
(3) multiplication
(4) addition
(5) addition
(6) subtraction
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31
Problem: Converting Temperatures

Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius ( 95 )( fahrenheit 32)
Note: you have to write

celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit 32)
FahrenheitToCelsius
Run
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32
Problem: Displaying Current Time

Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the
format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
The currentTimeMillis method in the System class returns
the current time in milliseconds since the midnight, January
1, 1970 GMT. (1970 was the year when the Unix operating
system was formally introduced.) You can use this method
to obtain the current time, and then compute the current
second, minute, and hour as follows.
ShowCurrentTime
Elapsed
time
Time
Unix Epoch
01-01-1970
00:00:00 GMT
Current Time
System.currentTimeMills()
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Run
33
Shortcut Assignment Operators

Operator Example
Equivalent
+=
i += 8
i = i + 8
-=
f -= 8.0
f = f - 8.0
*=
i *= 8
i = i * 8
/=
i /= 8
i = i / 8
%=
i %= 8
i = i % 8
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34
Increment and
Decrement Operators
Operator
++var
Name
preincrement
var++
postincrement
--var
predecrement
var--
postdecrement
Description
The expression (++var) increments var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the increment.
The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value
in var and increments var by 1.
The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the decrement.
The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value
in var and decrements var by 1.
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35
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * i++;
Same effect as
int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;
int i = 10;
Same effect as
int newNum = 10 * (++i);
i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;
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36
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.
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37
Assignment Expressions and

Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;
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38
Numeric Type Conversion

Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;
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39
Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:
1. If one of the operands is double, the other is
converted into double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.
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40
Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is
truncated)
What is wrong?
int x = 5 / 2.0;
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
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41
Problem: Keeping Two Digits After

Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two
digits after the decimal point.
SalesTax
Run
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42
Casting in an Augmented Expression

In Java, an augmented expression of the form x1 op=
x2 is implemented as x1 = (T)(x1 op x2), where T is
the type for x1. Therefore, the following code is
correct.
int sum = 0;
sum += 4.5; // sum becomes 4 after this statement
sum += 4.5 is equivalent to sum = (int)(sum + 4.5).
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43
Software Development Process

Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance
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44
Requirement Specification
A formal process that seeks to understand
the problem and document in detail what
the software system needs to do. This
phase involves close interaction between
users and designers.
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Most of the examples in this book are simple,

and their requirements are clearly stated. In
the real world, however, problems are not
well defined. You need to study a problem
carefully to identify its requirements.
Deployment
s reserved.
Maintenance
45
System Analysis
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
System
Design
Seeks to analyze the business

process in terms of data flow, and
to identify the systems input and
output.
Implementation
Part of the analysis entails modeling

the systems behavior. The model is
intended to capture the essential
elements of the system and to define
services to the system.
Testing
Deployment
s reserved.
Maintenance
46
System Design
The process of designing the
systems components.
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
This phase involves the use of many levels

of abstraction to decompose the problem into
manageable components, identify classes
and interfaces, and establish relationships
among the classes and interfaces.
Deployment
s reserved.
Maintenance
47
IPO
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
Input, Process, Output

System
Design
Implementation
Testing
The essence of system analysis and design is input,

process, and output. This is called IPO.
Deployment
Maintenance
s reserved.
48
Implementation
The process of translating the
system design into programs.
Separate programs are written for
each component and put to work
together.
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
This phase requires the use of a

programming language like Java.
The implementation involves
coding, testing, and debugging.
Testing
Deployment
s reserved.
Maintenance
49
Testing
Requirement
Specification
Ensures that the code meets the

requirements specification and
weeds out bugs.
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
An independent team of software

engineers not involved in the design
and implementation of the project
usually conducts such testing.
Testing
Deployment
s reserved.
Maintenance
50
Deployment
Requirement
Specification
Deployment makes the project

available for use.
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
For a Java applet, this means

installing it on a Web server; for a
Java application, installing it on the
client's computer.
Testing
Deployment
s reserved.
Maintenance
51
Maintenance
Requirement
Specification
Maintenance is concerned with

changing and improving the
product.
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
A software product must continue to

perform and improve in a changing
environment. This requires periodic
upgrades of the product to fix newly
discovered bugs and incorporate changes.
Deployment
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Maintenance
52
Problem:
Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount, and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.
loanAmount monthlyInterestRate
monthlyPayment
1
1
(1 monthlyInterestRate ) numberOfYears12
ComputeLoan
Run
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53
Character Data Type

char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
Four hexadecimal digits.
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)

char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)
NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used
on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode character.
For example, the following statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
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54
Unicode Format
Java characters use Unicode, a 16-bit encoding scheme
established by the Unicode Consortium to support the
interchange, processing, and display of written texts in the
worlds diverse languages. Unicode takes two bytes,
preceded by \u, expressed in four hexadecimal numbers
that run from '\u0000' to '\uFFFF'. So, Unicode can
represent 65535 + 1 characters.
Unicode \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 for three Greek
letters
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55
Problem: Displaying Unicodes

Write a program that displays two Chinese characters
and three Greek letters.
DisplayUnicode
Run
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56
Escape Sequences for Special Characters

Description
Escape Sequence
Unicode
Backspace
\b
\u0008
Tab
\t
\u0009
Linefeed
\n
\u000A
Carriage return \r
\u000D
Backslash
\\
\u005C
Single Quote
\'
\u0027
Double Quote
\"
\u0022
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57
Appendix B: ASCII Character Set

ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
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58
ASCII Character Set, cont.

ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
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59
Casting between char and

Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;
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60
Problem: Monetary Units

This program lets the user enter the amount in
decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.
ComputeChange
s reserved.
Run
61
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100);
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;
remainingAmount
1156
remainingAmount
initialized
// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount
int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount
int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount
int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;
s reserved.
62
animation
Trace ComputeChange
remainingAmount

numberOfOneDollars

1156
11
numberOfOneDollars
assigned

s reserved.
63
animation
Trace ComputeChange
remainingAmount
56

numberOfOneDollars
11

remainingAmount
updated

s reserved.
64
animation
Trace ComputeChange
remainingAmount
56

numberOfOneDollars
11

numberOfOneQuarters

numberOfOneQuarters
assigned

s reserved.
65
animation
Trace ComputeChange
remainingAmount

numberOfOneDollars
11

numberOfQuarters

remainingAmount
updated

s reserved.
66
The String Type

The char type only represents one character. To represent a string
of characters, use the data type called String. For example,
String message = "Welcome to Java";
String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the
System class and JOptionPane class. The String type is not a
primitive type. It is known as a reference type. Any Java class can
be used as a reference type for a variable. Reference data types
will be thoroughly discussed in Chapter 8, Objects and Classes.
For the time being, you just need to know how to declare a String
variable, how to assign a string to the variable, and how to
concatenate strings.
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67
String Concatenation
// Three strings are concatenated
String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";
// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2
String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2
// String Supplement is concatenated with character B
String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB
s reserved.
68
Debugging
Logic errors are called bugs. The process of finding and
correcting errors is called debugging. A common approach
to debugging is to use a combination of methods to narrow
down to the part of the program where the bug is located.
You can hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by
reading the program), or you can insert print statements in
order to show the values of the variables or the execution
flow of the program. This approach might work for a short,
simple program. But for a large, complex program, the
most effective approach for debugging is to use a debugger
utility.
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69
Debugger
Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.
You can use a debugger to
Execute
a single statement at a time.

Trace into or stepping over a method.
Set breakpoints.
Display variables.
Display call stack.
Modify variables.
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70
JOptionPane Input
This book provides two ways of obtaining input.
1.
2.
Using the Scanner class (console input)

Using JOptionPane input dialogs
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71
Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes

String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter an input");
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72
Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, Prompting Message, Dialog Title,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
s reserved.
73
Two Ways to Invoke the Method

There are several ways to use the showInputDialog method. For
the time being, you only need to know two ways to invoke it.
One is to use a statement as shown in the example:
String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, x,
y, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
where x is a string for the prompting message, and y is a string for

the title of the input dialog box.
The other is to use a statement like this:
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(x);
where x is a string for the prompting message.

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74
Converting Strings to Integers

The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If
you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns 123.
To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a
string into a number.
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the
static parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
where intString is a numeric string such as 123.
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75
Converting Strings to Doubles

To convert a string into a double value, you can use the
static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows:
double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
where doubleString is a numeric string such as 123.45.
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76
Problem: Computing Loan Payments

Using Input Dialogs
Same as the preceding program for computing loan
payments, except that the input is entered from the
input dialogs and the output is displayed in an
output dialog.
loanAmount monthlyInterestRate
1
1
numberOfYears12
(1 monthlyInterestRate )
ComputeLoanUsingInputDialog
s reserved.
Run
77
Companion
Website
Debugging in NetBeans
Supplement II.E, Learning Java Effectively with

NetBeans
s reserved.
78
Companion
Website
Debugging in Eclipse
Supplement II.G, Learning Java Effectively with

NetBeans
s reserved.
79

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Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

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Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

To write Java programs to perform simple computations (2.2).

Introducing Programming with an

IMPORTANT NOTE: (1) To enable the buttons, you must

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {

compute area and assign

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {

print a message to the

Reading Input from the Console

2. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),

An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of

An identifier cannot be true, false, or

double radius; // Declare radius to

// Assign 1.0 to radius;

Declaring and Initializing

Use lowercase. If the name consists of several

Naming Conventions, cont.

Numerical Data Types

friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10

The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday

Problem: Displaying Time

(3+4*x)/5 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

How to Evaluate an Expression

(1) inside parentheses first

Problem: Converting Temperatures

Note: you have to write

Problem: Displaying Current Time

Shortcut Assignment Operators

Assignment Expressions and

Numeric Type Conversion

Problem: Keeping Two Digits After

Casting in an Augmented Expression

Software Development Process

Most of the examples in this book are simple,

Seeks to analyze the business

Part of the analysis entails modeling

This phase involves the use of many levels

Input, Process, Output

The essence of system analysis and design is input,

This phase requires the use of a

Ensures that the code meets the

An independent team of software

Deployment makes the project

For a Java applet, this means

Maintenance is concerned with

A software product must continue to

Character Data Type

Four hexadecimal digits.

char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)

Problem: Displaying Unicodes

Escape Sequences for Special Characters

Appendix B: ASCII Character Set

ASCII Character Set, cont.

Casting between char and

Problem: Monetary Units

(3+4x)/5 10(y-5)(a+b+c)/x + 9(4/x + (9+x)/y)