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The extrapyramidal tract

Terdiri dari basal ganglia, cerebellum,


formasio retikular batang otak, nuklei
vestibular dan red nuclei.
Traktus extrapyramidal yang utama :
traktus reticulospinal tract, Formasio
reticular medula oblongata dan pons.
Fungsi mengontrol bagian otot
proksimal dan gerakan postur tubuh
Mengatur lower motor neurons inhibisi
SDJONIH

upper motor neuron


Neurons in the brain that are involved in
the control of skeletal movements and that
act by facilitating or inhibiting (usually by
way of interneurons) the activity of the
lower motoneurons (Fox) or

The upper motor neuron begins with a


soma in the cerebral cortex or brainstem
and has an axon that terminates on a
lower motor neuron in the brainstem or
spinal cord. (Saladin

Lesions of the upper motor neurons

spastic paralysis
increased muscle tone
hyperactive stretch reflexes
absence of muscle atrophy.

SDJONIH

Spastic paralysis
Spastic paralysis : upper motor neurons
( primarily in the basal nuclei )fs.
inhibisi efek alpha and gamma motor
neurons
Saat inhibisi hilang, gamma motoneuron
menjadi hiperaktif dan muscle
spindles menjadi sensitif terhadap
regangan (stretch).

SDJONIH

lower motor neuron : (Fox)


Previously described that have cell bodies
in the spinal cord and axons within
nerves that stimulate muscle contraction.
Or Neurons whose axons innervate skeletal
muscles
The activity of these neurons is influenced by (1)
sensory feedback from the muscles and
tendons and (2) facilitory and inhibitory
effects from upper motor neurons

Lower motor neuron paralysis is the direct


result of loss of function or destruction of
anterior horn cells or their axons in anterior
roots and nerves
are associated with flaccid paralysis, muscular
atrophy, and absence of reflex responses.
(GANONG)
If all or practically all peripheral motor fibers
supplying a muscle are interrupted, all
voluntary, postural, and reflex movements of
that muscle are abolished
The target muscle becomes weak or, if all of its
motor neurons are damaged, totally paralyzed.
Usually individual muscles are affected rather than
groups of muscles.

Reflex activity is diminished or abolished


because the lower motor neuron forms the
efferent part of the reflex arc.
Muscle tone is lost in the target muscles
giving rise to a flaccid paralysis.
The target muscles undergo profound
atrophy because of loss of trophic
substances from the nerve.
Fasciculations (visible twitching) occur
within the denervated muscle

Lesi of the lower motor neurons

flaccid paralysis
muscular atrophy,
reduced muscle tone
absence of reflex responses

SDJONIH

Resume
Motorik somatik
Pyramidal
Gyrus
precentralis

Gerakan trampil &


halus
Bicara
Otot distal
extremitas

extrapyramidal

Pusat

Basal ganglia

Fungsi

Posisi tegak tubuh


Otot axial /
proximal
Gerakan assosiasi

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