Tertiary Control, Frequency Limits

In The ENTSO-E GRID, Merit Order

Effect,
OPF(Optimal Power Flow)
COURSE NAME : POWER TRANSM ISSION AND GRID CONT ROL
BY: SA MARTH KUMAR

TERTIARY CONTROL
EXPL ANATION

Primary-Secondary Control
Primary control defined as "an automated
reestablishment of the balance between generation
and consumption within no less than 30 seconds
following imbalance event
-Elektrizittswirtschafts- und -organisationsgesetz 2010(Electricity Act)

If a longer disturbance occurs/or the disturbance is

expected to be longer secondary control is activated
after a defined period (max 30 secs) or
simultaneously with the primary control.
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Tertiary Control
if the power flow deviation lasts for extended period
(more than 15 minutes) secondary gives way to
tertiary control.
Can be kicked during secondary control
Activated either manually or automatically
Available Tertiary control must be at least as large as
the capacity of the largest power station unit in
control area.
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary
Control

Source: http://www.econtrol.at/en/businesses/electricity/electricitymarket/balancingenergy
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Frequency Limit in
the ENTSO-E Grid
LIMITS, ACTIONS

Frequency Variation

Active Power Generation > Active Power Consumption =>

System Frequency Rises

Active Power Generation < Active Power Consumption =>

System Frequency Falls

Frequency Deviations cannot be avoided

Electricity demand is not 100% predictable

Controllability of power plant is also physically limited

Frequency Quality Defining

Parameters

Nominal Frequency (50Hz)

Standard Frequency Range
Frequency Restoration Range
Frequency Recovery Range
Maximum Steady-State Frequency
Deviation
Maximum Instantaneous
Frequency Deviation

For continental Europe: Standard

Frequency deviation Range is
50mHz
Maximum frequency Deviation
800ENTSO-EmHz Supporting Document for the Network Code on Load-Frequency Control and
Source:
Reserves
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Load-Frequency Control
Processes
Proce Product
ss
FCR
Primary Control Reserve
FRR
Secondary Control
Reserve
Tertiary Control Reserve
Mapping Process to Products*

RR

Tertiary Control

Source: ENTSO- Operational reserve AD HOC Team Report Final Version 23/05/2012
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Requirements in European
codes Generation units
TSOs Transmission System Operators

Source: ENTSO-E Draft Network Code for requirements for Grid

Connection applicable to all Generators 24th January, 2012
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Merit Order Effect

EXPL ANATION

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Merit Order
is way of ranking available sources of energy,
especially electrical generation, based on ascending
order of price (short-run marginal cost of production)
together with the amount of energy that will be
generated.

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Merit Order Effect Pool Price

Source: http://yes2renewables.org/2011/12/21/the-merit-order-effect-how-renewables-enter-electricitymarkets/
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Merit Order Effect

In 2007, this Merit Order
Effect had allowed price of
electricity on the Germany
Energy Exchange to go down
by 10% in average and my as
much as 40% in the early
afternoon.
Source: The Merit-order effect: A detailed

analysis of the price effect of renewable

electricity generation on spot market prices in
Germany
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OPF(Optimal Power
Flow)
AIMS, METHODOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

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Optimal Power Flow - Aim

Minimize the generation cost
Minimize transmission losses of active power
Minimize transmission losses of reactive power
Minimize pollutant emissions of thermal generators

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Optimal Power Flow

Mathematical Modelling
Optimization Problem
Objective Function
Cost of energy
Other aims

Constraints
Active/Reactive Power Constraints
Line Transmission Constraints
Generation Constraints
Rate of change of generation

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Optimal Power Flow

Mathematical Modelling

Source: A Particle Swarm Optimization based Optimal Power Flow Problem for Iraqi Extra High Voltage GridFiras M. Tuaimah -Montather F. Meteb
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Optimal Power Flow - Methods

Classical
Mathematical
Optimization
Gradient
Method

NonLinear
Programming

Quadratic
Programming

Linear
Programming

Newton
Method

Heuristic
Methods
ANN

Tabu
Search

Genetic
Algorithms

Particle
Swarm

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large-scale virtual power plant

(VPP)
more than 2.000 decentralized and
flexible renewable energy plants.
renewables themselves can
counter the imbalances they cause
and relieve the grid.

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Thanks for your attention

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Backup-Frequency Quality Target

Parameters

Probability distribution of Frequency Deviation remains constant

This probability distribution can be defined univocally by setting the
value of probability of the frequency deviation to be outside a certain
range

Probability for the frequency deviations

Source: entosoe- Supporting Document for the Network Code on Load-Frequency Control and
Reserves
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Backup - frequency

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Backup frequency times

Source: Operational Reserve AD HOC Team Report Final Version

23/02/2012
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Backup -Process to products

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Backup OPF example

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Backup OPF algorithm - PSO

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Backup OPF Newton Method

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