PRESENTATION ON OVERSPEED INDICATOR &

ACCIDENT AVOID SYSTEMS

Submitted to:
HARSH HARITT
HEAD OF DEPTT.

Submitted by:
VISHAL SINGLA
1211461

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

OVER - SPEED
INDICATOR &
ACCIDENT
AVOIDANCE
SYSTEM

NEED FOR
THIS ?

INCREASING POPULATION

INCREASING
DENSITY

VEHICLE

INCREASING SPEED
DIFFICULT
TO
ADJUST
SPEED
LOSS OF PATIENCE

DEFINING OVER-SPEED INDICATOR

Is A Device That Tells The Driver If He / She
Is Exceeding The Particular Speed Limit.
The System Has A Computer Which Stores
The Speed Limits Of Different Areas.
The GPS In The System Feeds The Exact
Location Of The Car To Determine The
Permissible Speed For The Area.

ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE
SYSTEMS
IS A COCKTAIL OF SEVERAL TECHNOLOGICAL
MARVELS
TO AVOID ACCIENDNT AS POSSIBLE IT CAN
SYSTEMS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

EMERGENCY BRAKE ASSIST (EBA)

DYNAMIC STABILITY AND TRACTION CONTROL (DSTC)
ELECTRONIC BRAKE DISTRIBUTION (EBD)
ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS)
BLIND SPOT INFORMATION SYSTEM (BSIS)
NIGHT - VISION

EMERGENCY BRAKE
ASSIST (EBA)
In an emergency, people do not depress the
brake pedal hard enough.
EBA senses an emergency braking situation
and helps the driver to reduce speed in the
shortest distance possible.
It interprets braking
behaviour by assessing
the rate that the brake pedal is activated.
improves vehicle and occupant safety, and
can reduce stopping distances by up to 70ft
(21m) at 125mph (201km/h)

Some systems additionally take into account the rapidity of

which the accelerator pedal is released
Mercedes-Benz &
Volvo are successfully brands to use this
technology
The system applies additional brake pressure to allow the driver
to take full advantage of theantilock braking system (ABS)
which prevents wheel lock up.

HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM ASSIST

The brake pressure sender in the hydraulic

unit, the speed sensors and the brake light
switch supply signals to the brake assist system
so that it can identify an emergency
Pressure is raised in the brake slave cylinders
by the actuation of certain valves in the
hydraulic unit and the return flow pump for
TCS/ESP
These conditions must be fulfilled:

1.

2.

3.

The signal from brake light switch indicating that

the brakes have been applied.
The signals from the speed sensors indicating how
fast the vehicle is travelling.
The signal from the brake pressure sender indicating
how fast and with what force the driver has applied

MECHANICAL BRAKE ASSIST

SYSTEM

In this case, the valve piston moves and the balls are
moved inward in the ball cage. Consequently the
locking sleeve can move to its stop. The switch
component is locked.
Because
the mechanical events are difficult to
present in a detailed diagram, the individual steps will
be explained in strongly simplified drawings.
If the brake is applied too slowly, the brake assist
function is not triggered. That means that the driver
feels the full counter-pressure from the brake system
through the brake pedal as coun- ter-force which he
must overcome in order to brake more heavily
If the brake pedal is pressed very fast, the brake
assist function is triggered. The major portion of the
counter-force is diverted through the locking of the
assembly groups to the housing. The driver has to
overcome only a very small force to brake more
heavily.

DYNAMIC STABILITY AND

TRACTION CONTROL
DSTC makes driving on twisty and slippery
road conditions safer
By using sensors to detect whether any of the
wheels is losing traction
DSTC has the ability to cut power in a flash,
helping the car to regain its grip
Car shows a tendency to skid, the system
automatically slows the particular wheels to
help maintain control

THE CAR WITHOUT DSTC SKIDS BUT CAR WITH DSTC REMAINS AS SAME

Braking is automatically applied to wheels individually,

such as the outer front wheel to counter over steer or
the inner rear wheel to counter under steer
Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until
control is regained
According to Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
and the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, one-third of fatal accidents could be
prevented by the useof the technology
The United StatesInsurance Institute for Highway
Safety (IIHS) issued its own study in June 2006 showing
that up to 10,000 fatal US crashes could be avoided
annually if all vehicles were equipped with ESC.The
IIHS study concluded that ESC reduces the likelihood of
all fatal crashes by 43%, fatal single-vehicle crashes by
56%, and fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 7780%

COMPONENTS AND DESIGN

ESC incorporatesyaw rate control
Anti-lock
brakesenable
ESC
to
brake
individual wheels
ESC
systems also incorporate atraction
control system
The ESC system uses severalsensors :

1.

2.

3.
4.

Steering wheel angle sensor: determines the

driver's intended rotation; i.e. where the driver
wants to steer
Yaw rate sensor: measures the rotation rate of the
car; i.e. how much the car is actually turning
Lateral acceleration sensor: often an accelerometer
Wheel speed sensor: measures the wheel speed.

ELECTRONIC BRAKE DISTRIBUTION (EBD)

Braking forces of the car are distributed

between the front and the rear brakes in
order to optimize braking efficiency.

A special function of antilock braking systems

(ABS), EBFD makes the amount of brake force
applied to a wheel proportional to that wheels load
at the time
When your EBFD system senses that one or more of
your wheels is at risk of locking, it will reduce the
brake force applied to the affected wheel(s), and, if
necessary, apply more brake force to wheels that are
not at risk of locking
One of your wheels is on ice, making it more likely
that it will lock and cause your car to spin out
Another motorist does not notice you when making
a lane change, and you are forced to brake hard

EBD/EBFD OPERATIONS
MADE UP OF THREE SUBCOMPONENTS
MONITORED
AND GUIDED BY AN ELECTRONIC
CONTROL UNIT (ECU)
1. speed sensors for each wheel(how fast the wheel is
rotating)
2. brake-force modulators(that increases or decreases
brake-force applied to a wheel)
3.
an acceleration/deceleration sensor(detects the
vehicles
forward
and
sideways
acceleration/deceleration)
4. a yaw sensor(sensor that monitors
a vehicles
movement along its vertical axis)

The electronic control unit interprets the information

from the speed and yaw sensors
sends commands to the brake-force modulators
the ECU in EBFD systems is attached to the hydraulic
brake-force modulator

LIMITATIONS WITH EBFD

1.

2.

Speeding, driving while fatigued, driving with distractions,

tailgating other drivers, and driving in bad weather can all
negatively impact the benefits from EBFD because these
behaviours impair your ability to drive safely
Consume alcohol before driving, for example, will slow
your reaction time and make it more difficult to react in
emergency situations.

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS)

With ABS you can brake as hard as you can and
steer yourself to safety without the fear of wheels
locking up and skidding.

with ABS wheels prevent from

ALL components are shown in fig.

If the braking force exceeds the force of friction

from the road the vehicle will begin to slide
When a sharp deceleration is detected the ABS will
reduce the hydraulic pressure supplied to the
braking system until the wheel begins to accelerate
again
When the acceleration is detected the pressure is
again increased until an unusual amount of
deceleration is detected
Process is repeated until the user removes their
foot from the brake pedal or the vehicle comes to a
complete stop.

COMPONENTS OF ABS

1).SPEED SENSORS 2). VALVES 3).PUMP

4).CONTROLLER

1).Speed Sensor
The speed sensor is used to determine the
acceleration or deceleration of the wheel.

2). Valves
Serve Three Distinct Functions:
i ). to open and allow the hydraulic fluid from the
brake pedal or the pump to reach the braking system
ii). to maintain the current pressure provided to the
braking system.
iii). to reduce the amount of hydraulic pressure at the
braking system.

3). Pump : is used to restore the pressure to the

hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it
4).Controller : The entire system is observed and
manipulated by the ABS controller

Pump

Control
lr

Plant
Valve
s

Sensor

BLIND SPOT INFORMATION

SYSTEM (BSIS):
Using cameras set just below the outer rear view
mirrors the BSDS tell you if there is any vehicle in
your blind spot.

that helps detect vehicles in blind spots during normal

driving and traffic approaching from the sides when
reversing out of parking spots.

HOW IT WORKS
The feature uses two multiple-beam radar modules, the same
used with cross-traffic alert, which are packaged in the rear
quarter panels one per side.
The radar identifies when a vehicle enters the defined blind
spot zone and illuminates
an indicator light on the
corresponding sideview mirror, providing a warning that a
vehicle is approaching.
It can pick up a vehicle moving at least 5 mph within a 45-foot
range or five parking spaces from either the left or right
side of the vehicle.
When cross traffic is approaching, three warnings are given:
an indicator lights up in the corresponding outside mirror, an
audible alert is sounded and a message center warning is
displayed

Cross-traffic alert Warns drivers of impending traffic while backing out

Rearview and side mirror Maximum viewing range from conventional
rearview and side mirrors
Reverse sensing system Alerts drivers to objects in the vehicles path
when slowly backing up

The radar also works when backing out of angled

parking spaces because its view is wider than just
strictly sensing traffic coming at a 90-degree angle

NIGHT

VISION

Driving during the night becomes safe than ever

with the night vision where one can see clearly on
the control display even in pitch black. Thanks to
infra red technology.

PEDESTRIANS ARE SEEING WITH INFRARED

TECHNOLOGY

Night visionis the ability to see in low light

conditions. Whether by biological or technological
means, night vision is made possible by a
combination of two approaches: sufficient spectral
range, and sufficient intensity range
Enhanced spectral range allows the viewer to take
advantage of non-visible sources of
electromagnetic radiation (such as near-infrared
orultravioletradiation)
Sufficient intensity range is simply the ability to see
with very small quantities of light

CATEGORIES OF NIGHT VISION

TECHNOLOGY

1.
2.
3.

Image Intensification
Active Illumination
Thermal Imaging

1).Image Intensification:This magnifies the amount of

received photons from various natural sources. The image
intensifier is a vacuum-tube based device that converts
invisible light from an image to visible light so that a dimly
light scene can be viewed by acamera or the naked eye.
Light strikes a chargedphotocathode plate, electrons are
emitted through a vacuum tube that strike the micro
channel plate that cause the image screen to illuminate
with a picture in the same pattern as the light that strikes

The image is said to become "intensified" because the output

visible light is brighter than the incoming IR light
2). Active illumination :Active illumination couples imaging
intensification technology with an active source of illumination in
thenear infrared (NIR) or shortwave infrared (SWIR) band vision
combines infrared illumination of spectral range 7001,000nm
(just below the visible spectrum of the human eye) withCCD
cameras sensitive to this light. The resulting scene, which is
apparently dark to a human observer, appears as a monochrome
image on a normal display device
3). Thermal vision : Thermal imagingdetects the temperature
difference between the background and the foreground objects.
Thermal imaging cameras are excellent tools for night vision.
They detectthermal radiationand do not need a source of
illumination. They produce an image in the darkest of nights and
can see through light fog, rain and smoke.

1).Night Vision Control Unit 2).Controller Display 3).Controller

4).Instrument Cluster 5).Button in Light Switch Centre 6). NightVision Camera

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