Topic5 NormalizationPART2 Aug14

Database and Web Database
Systems
CT014-3-2
Normalization II
Topic & Lesson Structure
How to undertake process of

normalization.
How to identify most commonly used
normal forms, namely 1NF, 2NF, 3NF.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Normalization II
Slide 2 (of 21)
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you should be
able to:
Demonstrate how to undertake process of
normalization.
Demonstrate how to identify the most commonly
used normal forms namely 1NF, 2NF, 3NF.
Normalization II
Slide 3 (of 21)
Keywords
1NF a relation is in 1NF if there are no
repeating groups in the relation.
2NF a relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and
there are no partial dependencies on the
primary key.
3NF a relation is in 3NF if it is in 2 NF
and there are no transitive dependencies.
Normalization II
Slide 4 (of 21)
The Process of Normalization

Formal technique for analyzing a relation based on
its primary key and functional dependencies
between its attributes.
Often executed as a series of steps. Each step
corresponds to a specific normal form, which has
known properties.
As normalization proceeds, relations become
progressively more restricted (stronger) in format
and also less vulnerable to update anomalies.
Normalization II
Slide 5 (of 21)
Relationship between Normal Forms
Normalization II
Slide 6 (of 21)
Unnormalized Form (UNF)

A table that contains one or more repeating
groups.
To create an unnormalized table:
transform data from information source (e.g.
form) into table format with columns and rows.
Normalization II
Slide 7 (of 21)
First Normal Form (1NF)

A relation in which intersection of each row
and column contains one and only one
value.
Normalization II
Slide 8 (of 21)
UNF to 1NF
Nominate an attribute or group of
attributes to act as the key for the
unnormalized table.
Identify repeating group(s) in
unnormalized table which repeats for the
key attribute(s).
Normalization II
Slide 9 (of 21)
UNF to 1NF
Remove repeating group by:
entering appropriate data into the empty
columns of rows containing repeating data
(flattening the table).
Or by
placing repeating data along with copy of the
original key attribute(s) into a separate
relation.
Normalization II
Slide 10 (of 21)
Second Normal Form (2NF)

Based on concept of full functional dependency:
A and B are attributes of a relation,
B is fully dependent on A if B is functionally
dependent on A but not on any proper subset
of A.
2NF - A relation that is in 1NF and every nonprimary-key attribute is fully functionally
dependent on the primary key.
Normalization II
Slide 11 (of 21)
1NF to 2NF
Identify primary key for the 1NF relation.
Identify functional dependencies in the
relation.
If partial dependencies exist on the primary
key remove them by placing them in a new
relation along with copy of their
determinant.
Normalization II
Slide 12 (of 21)
Third Normal Form (3NF)

Based on concept of transitive dependency:
A, B and C are attributes of a relation such that if A
B and B C,
then C is transitively dependent on A through B.
(Provided that A is not functionally dependent on B or
C).
3NF - A relation that is in 1NF and 2NF and in

which no non-primary-key attribute is transitively
dependent on the primary key.
Normalization II
Slide 13 (of 21)
2NF to 3NF
Identify the primary key in the 2NF relation.
Identify functional dependencies in the relation.
If transitive dependencies exist on the primary
key remove them by placing them in a new
relation along with copy of their determinant.
Normalization II
Slide 14 (of 21)
General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF

Second normal form (2NF)
A relation that is in 1NF and every nonprimary-key attribute is fully functionally
dependent on any candidate key.
Third normal form (3NF)

A relation that is in 1NF and 2NF and in which
no non-primary-key attribute is transitively
dependent on any candidate key.
Normalization II
Slide 15 (of 21)
Review of Normalization (UNF to 3NF)
Source: Connolly & Begg
Normalization II
Slide 16 (of 21)
Normalization II
Slide 17 (of 21)
Normalization II
Slide 18 (of 21)
Exercise
Convert the following data into 3NF.
Clearly indicate all functional dependencies.
Proj.
Num
Project
Name
Employee Employee Job

Number Name
Class
Chg/
Hour
Hurricane 101
102
104
John
David
Anne
Elect.Eng
65
Comm.Tech 60
Comm.Tech 60
Coast
101
103
John
June
Elect.Eng
Biol.Eng
Satellite
104
102
Anne
David
Comm.Tech 60
Comm.Tech 60
Normalization II
65
55
Hours
Billed
Total
Charge
13
16
19
Subtotals
15
17
Subtotals
18
14
Subtotals
845
960
1140
2945
975
935
1910
1080
840
1920
Total
6775
Slide 19 (of 21)
Exercise (contd)
1.
2.
3.
Ignore derived columns/values.

Flatten the table.
Identify an appropriate primary key.
ProjNum
ProjName
Enumber
Ename
JobClass
ChgHr
HrsBilled
Hurricane
101
John
Elect. Eng.
65
13
Hurricane
102
David
Comm.Tech
60
16
Hurricane
104
Anne
Comm.Tech
60
19
Coast
101
John
Elect. Eng
65
15
Coast
103
June
Biol. Eng
55
17
Satellite
104
Anne
Comm. Tech
60
18
Satellite
102
David
Comm. Tech
60
14
Normalization II
Slide 19 (of 21)
Exercise (contd)
UNF
Billing(ProjNum, ProjName, (Enumber,
Ename, JobClass, ChgHr, HrsBilled))
1NF (Flatten table)
Billing2(ProjNum, Enumber, ProjName,
Ename, JobClass, ChgHr, HrsBilled)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Exercise (contd)
1NF (Flatten table)
Billing2(ProjNum, Enumber, ProjName, Ename,
JobClass, ChgHr, HrsBilled)
Functional Dependencies
ProjNum ProjName (partial dep.)
Enumber Ename, JobClass, ChgHr (partial dep.)
JobClass ChgHr (transitive dep.)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Exercise (contd)
2NF (Remove partial dependencies)
Project(ProjNum, ProjName)
EmpJob(Enumber, Ename, JobClass,
ChgHr)
Billing3(ProjNum, Enumber, HrsBilled)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Exercise (contd)
3NF (Remove transitive dependencies)
Job(JobClass, ChgHr)
Emp (Enumber, Ename, JobClass)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Exercise (2nd approach)

UNF
Billing(ProjNum, ProjName, (Enumber, Ename, JobClass, ChgHr,
HrsBilled))
1NF (Remove repeating group)

Billing2(ProjNum, Enumber, Ename, JobClass, ChgHr, HrsBilled)
Enumber Ename, JobClass, ChgHr (partial dep.)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Exercise ( 2nd approach contd)

2NF (Remove partial dependencies)
ChgHr)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Exercise (2nd approach contd)

3NF (Remove transitive dependencies)
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
UNF
Billing(ProjNum, ProjName, (Enumber, Ename, JobClass, ChgHr,
HrsBilled))
1NF (Flatten table)
1NF (Remove repeating group)
Billing2(ProjNum, Enumber,
ProjName, Ename, JobClass, ChgHr,
HrsBilled)
Billing2(ProjNum, Enumber, Ename,
JobClass, ChgHr, HrsBilled)
ProjNum ProjName (partial dep.)
Enumber Ename, JobClass, ChgHr
(partial dep.)
Enumber Ename, JobClass, ChgHr
(partial dep.)
Normalization II
Comparison (contd)
2NF(First method)
2NF (Second method)
ChgHr)
HrsBilled)
ChgHr)
HrsBilled)
Normalization II
Comparison (contd)
3NF(First method)
3NF (Second method)
HrsBilled)
HrsBilled)
Normalization II
Summary
Definitions for 1NF, 2NF and 3NF.
Converting relations into 3NF.
Normalization II
Slide 20 (of 21)
Next Session
SQL DDL.
Normalization II
Slide 21 (of 21)

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Database and Web Database

Topic & Lesson Structure

How to undertake process of

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 2 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 3 (of 21)

Slide 4 (of 21)

The Process of Normalization

Slide 5 (of 21)

Relationship between Normal Forms

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 6 (of 21)

Unnormalized Form (UNF)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 7 (of 21)

First Normal Form (1NF)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 8 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 9 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 10 (of 21)

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Slide 11 (of 21)

Slide 12 (of 21)

Third Normal Form (3NF)

3NF - A relation that is in 1NF and 2NF and in

Slide 13 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 14 (of 21)

General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF

Third normal form (3NF)

Slide 15 (of 21)

Review of Normalization (UNF to 3NF)

Source: Connolly & Begg

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 16 (of 21)

Review of Normalization (UNF to 3NF)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 17 (of 21)

Review of Normalization (UNF to 3NF)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 18 (of 21)

Employee Employee Job

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 19 (of 21)

Ignore derived columns/values.

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 19 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 20 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 20 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 20 (of 21)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 20 (of 21)

Exercise (2nd approach)

1NF (Remove repeating group)

Slide 20 (of 21)

Exercise ( 2nd approach contd)

CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems

Slide 20 (of 21)