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Objectives
To study quantitatively the nature of forces between electric charges
To develop the concept of the electric field as a transmitter of electric force
To learn how work is done and potential energy is stored in an electric field
To learn how to use electric fields to control and direct the motion of electric charges
Coulombs Law
Coulombs Law
Coulombs law:
Coulombs Law
The magnitude of the charge of an electron, on the other hand,
has been determined to be about 1.602 x 10-19 C, and its sign is
negative. This is the smallest known charge, and because of its
fundamental nature, it is given the symbol e and is often referred
to as the elementary charge:
Example:
How many electrons make up a charge of -30.0 micro coulombs
(C)?
N = Q/e = (-30 x 10-6 C)/ (-1.60 x 10-19 C/electrons) = 1.88 x 1014 electrons
What is the mass of 1.88 x 1014 electrons?
Mass = (9.11 x 10-31 kg)(1.88 x 1014 electrons) = 1.71 x 10-16 kg
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Coulombs Law
The charges carried by the proton and electron are
equal in size. However, the mass of the proton is
2000 times the mass of the electron.
Coulombs Law
Double one of the charges
force doubles
Change sign of one of the charges
force changes direction
Change sign of both charges
force stays the same
Double the distance between charges
force four times weaker
Double both charges
force four times stronger
r = 1000m
Solution
Let F1 = kq1q2/r12 and F2 = kq1q2/r22 where F2 = 3 F1
F2/F1 = r12 /r22
3= [(20.0cm)/r2]2, which gives r2 = 11.5 cm
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Run Away!
+
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Right now you are experiencing a uniform gravitational field: it has a magnitude of 9.8
m/s2 and points straight down. If you threw a mass through the air, you know it would
follow a parabolic path because of gravity. You could determine when and where the
object would land by doing a projectile motion analysis, separating everything into x
and y components. The horizontal acceleration is zero, and the vertical acceleration is
g. We know this because a free-body diagram shows only mg, acting vertically, and
applying Newton's second law tells us that mg = ma, so a = g.
You can do the same thing with charges in a uniform electric field. If you throw a
charge into a uniform electric field (same magnitude and direction everywhere), it
would also follow a parabolic path. We're going to neglect gravity; the parabola comes
from the constant force experienced by the charge in the electric field. Again, you could
determine when and where the charge would land by doing a projectile motion
analysis. The acceleration is again zero in one direction and constant in the other. The
value of the acceleration can be found by drawing a free-body diagram (one force, F =
qE) and applying Newton's second law. This says: qE = ma, so the acceleration is a =
qE / m.
The one big difference between gravity and electricity is that m, the mass, is always
positive, while q, the charge, can be positive, zero, or negative.
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Solution
E=F/q = 0.30N / 1.0 x 10-5 C = 3.0 x 104 N/C
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Solution
q=F/E = 0.20N / 4.5 x 105 N/C = 4.4 x 10-7 C
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q=10-5C
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q = +2.5 x 10-4C
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Electronvolt
The joule is too large a unit for measuring the work done
on moving elementary charges, such as electrons,
protons, or the small charges in ions. For this purpose,
the electron volt is a more convenient unit of energy or
work. An electron volt is the work done in moving an
electron or other body having a unit of elementary charge
through a difference of potential of one volt. Thus,
1eV = 1.60 x 10-19 J
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Electronvolt
Sample Problem
The difference of potential between point X and point Y
of an electric field is 100 volts. (a) How much work
done in electronvolts is done by the electric field in
moving a free electron from point X and Y. (b) What
happens to this work? (c) What is this work in Joules
(a) V = 100 V q = +1 electron charge
W= 100volts and 1 electrons charge = 100 eV
(b) This work is used to accelerate the proton. It is
converted into the KE gained by the proton on
moving from point X to Y.
1 ev = 1.60 x 10-19J, so100eV = 1.6 x 10-17J
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Field Lines
The electric field can be represented by field lines.
These lines start on a positive charge and end on a
negative charge.
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Field Lines
Electric dipole: two equal charges, opposite in sign:
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Field Lines
The number of field lines
starting (ending) on a positive
(negative) charge is
proportional to the magnitude
of the charge.
Electric field lines never cross
each other.
The electric field is stronger
where the field lines are
closer together.
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Field Lines
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Field Lines
Summary of Field lines Around Charges
Field lines indicate the direction of the field; the field is tangent to the
line.
At locations where electric field lines meet the surface of an object, the
lines are perpendicular to the surface.
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Solution
(a)Q=F/E = 6.4 x 10-13 N/ 4.5 x 106 N/C
= 1.6 x 10-19 C
(b) N = Q/e = 1.6 x 10-19 C/1.6 x 10-19 C/electron =
1 electron
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Electron Gun
An electron gun is a component that produces an electron beam that has a precise kinetic
energy, being used in televisions and monitors which use cathode ray tube technology, and in
other instruments, as electron microscopes and particle accelerators.
An electron gun is formed of several parts: a hot cathode, which is heated to create a stream of
electrons via thermionic emission, electrodes generating an electric field which focus the beam
- such as a Wehnelt cylinder - and one or more anode electrodes which accelerate and further
focus the electrons. A large voltage between cathode and anode accelerates the electrons. A
repulsive ring placed between them focuses the electrons onto a small spot on the anode on
the expense of a lower extraction field strength on the cathode surface. Often at this spot is a
hole, so that the electrons pass through the anode forming a collimated beam and are finally
reach a second anode called a collector. This device can be used to find the mass of an
electron (9.1 x 10-31 kg)
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screen
+ + + + + + +
cathode emitter
E-field
electron beam
- - - - - - -
metal plates
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Summary
Coulombs Law: F = kQ1Q2/r2
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Summary of Chapter 22
http://www.stmary.ws/highschool/physics/home/notes/el
ectricity/staticElectricity/default.htm
MIT LECTURE ON ELECTRIC FIELD
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