Introductio To Column Buckling

INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
BUCKLING
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
BUCKLING
Introduction
Elastic buckling of an ideal column
Strength curve for an ideal column
Strength of practical column
Concepts of effective lengths
Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling
Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
Compression members: short or long
Squashing of short column
Buckling of long column
Steel members more susceptible to

buckling compared to RC and PSC
members

INTRODUCTION
A short column fails by

compression yield
Buckled shape
A long column fails

by predominant buckling
Fig 1: short vs long columns

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER

COLUMN
Assumptions:
Material of strut - homogenous and

linearly elastic
No imperfections (perfectly straight)
No eccentricity of loading

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN
Pcr
The governing differential equation is
d 2 y Pcr
.y 0
2
EI
dx

Lowest value of the critical load
2 EI
Pcr 2
P / Pcr
Unstable buckling modes
Buckling load Vs Lateral deflection Relationship

Conclusions of Euler buckling analysis:
Strut can remain straight for all values of P
When P = Pcr the strut buckles in the shape

of a half sine wave
At higher values of loads, other sinusoidal

buckled shapes are possible. It is seen that
for for higher values of Pcr , the column is in
unstable equilibrium.

Mean compressive buckling stress, cr is given by
Pcr 2 E I
cr
2
A
A
2
2
2
2
Er
E E
cr 2
2
2
( / r )

cr
Elastic buckling stress

( cr) defined by ( 2 E/ 2 )
= /r
Fig. 4 Euler buckling relation between cr and

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG 10
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT
Yield plateau
fy
Fig. 5 Idealized elastic-plastic relationship for steel

11
B1
fy
C
A
Plastic yield defined

by
f = fy
A
Elastic buckling( cr )
defined by 2 E /2
= /r
Strength curve for an axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column

Column fails when the compressive

stress is greater than or equal to the
values defined by ACB.
AC Failure by yielding (Low
slenderness ratios)
CB Failure by bucking ( c )


f /fy
Plastic yield
Elastic buckling
1.0
1.0
= (fy / cr )1/2
Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF A COLUMN IN

PRACTICE:
Effect of initial out of straightness
Effect of eccentricity of applied

loading
Effect of residual stress
Effect of a strain hardening and the

absence of clearly defined yield
point
Effect of all features taken together

Effect of initial out of straightness

P
y
x
y 0 a0 sin
x
y0
a0
P enhances the deflection by the factor
1
1 (P
Pcr
Pin-ended strut with

initial imperfection

Ideal bifurcation type
Pcr
buckling
PpPy
Curve A
D
Pf
Effects of imperfection
(elastic behaviour)
Strength
(plastic unloading curve)
Curve B
Stress distribution at C
M
M
Actual elastic-plastic response

O O1
Initial imperfection (a0)
Load deflection response

of a strut with initial imperfection
fy
Stress distribution at D
Stress distributions at C and D

f
fy
XX
X X
Data from collapse tests

(marked x)
X
XXX
X
X X
X
Elastic buckling curve

X
XX X
X X X
Lower bound curve
= /r
Strut
Strength curves for strut with initial imperfection
Low slenderness ratios effect of initial imperfections is

negligible
Intermediate slenderness ratios lower bound curve is
below fy and cr curves
High slenderness ratios lower bound curve is close to
the cr curve
Effect of eccentricity of applied loading

f
e
P
fy
Axis of
the column
Deflected
shape after
loading
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
Data from collapse

tests
Elastic buckling
curve
XX
X
X
X
Lower bound curve

P
Strength curve for eccentrically loaded columns
Behaviour is similar to that of initial out of straightness

Difference is noticed in the reduction of load carrying
capacity for stocky members even for low values of
Effect of residual stress

b
b
a
b
a
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Various stages of rolling a steel girder
Residual stress differential heating and

cooling during rolling and forming
Self equilibrating system of stresses

Residual stresses
in web
Residual stresses
in flanges
Residual stresses distribution (no applied load)

Residual stresses in an
elastic section subjected
to a mean stress a
(net stress = a +r)
The influence of residual stresses

Stub column yields

when a = fy
a
fy
av
Mean axial stress vs mean axial strain
in a stub column test

Columns with residual stresses
fy
Elastic critical buckling
fy - r
(E/fy)1/2
= /r
Buckling of an initially straight column

having residual stresses
The difference between buckling and plastic squash

load is most pronounced when
1

Effect of strain hardening and absence of clearly

defined yield point
Strain hardening at
high strains
fy
Stress-strain relationship for Steels exhibiting strain hardening
Ignoring the effect of strain-hardening provides a

margin of safety
a
fy
fy
Lack of clearly defined yield
0.2% proof stress
0.2%
Lack of clearly defined yield with strain

hardening
Above > p, the material exhibits non-linear
behaviour
When the yield point is not defined, the yield
stress is generally taken as 0.2% proof stress
Effect of all features taken together

a
fy
Data from collapse tests
Theoretical elastic buckling
Lower
bound curve
(E/fy)1/2
/r

CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

Point of inflection
l/2
l/ 2
2l
Buckled mode for different end conditions

Effective lengths in different planes (No sway and

sway columns)
P
No sway
e always
(a)
Sway
e always
(b)
(c)
(d)
Columns with partial rotational restraint

ACCURACY IN USING EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

Torsional and Torsional-Flexural Buckling of

columns
Twisted position
Original position
Plate with unsupported edges
Folded plate twists under axial load
Flexural buckling
Torsional buckling

Y1
X1
+
C1
Shear centre
v
+ C
Y0
X0
u
Torsional -flexural buckling deformations.
Rayleigh-Ritz energy method is used to obtain the

critical load
BUCKLING MODES
In general there are 3 buckling loads, i.e. Euler
buckling about x and y axes and flexural
torsional buckling loads
Doubly symmetric section
Buckling about x and y axes (One of

these is lowest)
Flexural torsional buckling load (we

disregard this)
BUCKLING MODES
Singly symmetric sections
Euler buckling load about weak axis
Flexural Torsional buckling load

CONCLUSIONS
Elastic buckling load dependent on the

slenderness ratio
Factors affecting column strength ( viz. residual

stresses etc.) considered in design practice
Effective length concept of columns
Elastic torsional and torsional-flexural buckling

THANK YOU


Introductio To Column Buckling

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INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Compression members: short or long

Squashing of short column

Buckling of long column

Steel members more susceptible to

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

A short column fails by

A long column fails

Fig 1: short vs long columns

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER

Material of strut - homogenous and

No imperfections (perfectly straight)

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

The governing differential equation is

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

Unstable buckling modes

Buckling load Vs Lateral deflection Relationship

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

Conclusions of Euler buckling analysis:

Strut can remain straight for all values of P

When P = Pcr the strut buckles in the shape

At higher values of loads, other sinusoidal

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

Mean compressive buckling stress, cr is given by

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

Elastic buckling stress

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

Fig. 5 Idealized elastic-plastic relationship for steel

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

Plastic yield defined

Strength curve for an axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

Column fails when the compressive

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF A COLUMN IN

Effect of initial out of straightness

Effect of eccentricity of applied

Effect of residual stress

Effect of a strain hardening and the

Effect of all features taken together

Effect of initial out of straightness

P enhances the deflection by the factor

Pin-ended strut with

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Ideal bifurcation type

Actual elastic-plastic response

Initial imperfection (a0)

Load deflection response

Stress distributions at C and D

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Data from collapse tests