Rev.

Fa10

Ch. 1: Intro: Matter and

Measurement
Learning Goals

Know the components of the scientific method

Know how matter can be classified into subgroups

Know and use SI system of units and prefixes

Identify and use significant figures

Perform conversions among the temperature scales

Perform calculations involving density

Chemistry

Science that studies the composition and

structure of matter, changes in matter and
changes in energy

Matter - anything that volume (occupies space)

and has mass [can be perceived by our senses]

Mass - quantity of matter

Weight - force of gravity on matter

does not vary with location

varies with location

Energy ability to do work

Scientific Method
The scientific method is simply a systematic
approach to solving problems.

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Goal: Understand the Components of

the Scientific Method
1.1.The Scientific Method

How do we distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory?

How do we distinguish between a law and a theory?

Hypothesis: Educated guess to explain observation.

Theory: tries to explain why nature behaves the way it does.
Law: Simply says what happens; does not explain why

How do we setup a valid experiment?

Compare and contrast data

Qualitative: does not rely on a number,

i.e.: crystalline sulfur is yellow
Quantitative: measurements a # and unit

Exercise
: Classify
A. Law
1.
always floats on liquid water
B. Ice
Theory
C.
D.
E.
F.

Experiment
Hypothesis
Qualitative observation
Quantitative observation
5

2. Hot air is less dense than cold air

because the components of hot air are
A. Lawmore rapidly
moving
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Theory
Experiment
Hypothesis
Qualitative observation
Quantitative observation
6

3. When 10 g of ice was added to 100

mL of water at 25C, the temperature of
A. Law
the
water decreased to 15.5 C after the
B. melted
Theory
ice
C.
D.
E.
F.

Experiment
Hypothesis
Qualitative observation
Quantitative observation
7

Goal: Classify Matter as Pure

Substance or Mixture
1.2 Classification Based on
Composition: Pure Substances

Constant or fixed composition throughout

Changes of state occur at a constant
temperature
Components are inseparable using physical
methods

Examples: aluminum, molcular oxygen, water

1.2 Classification Based on

Composition: Pure Substances
Subclassification: Element

Pure substance that cannot be decomposed

into simpler substances by chemical or
physical means

Smallest unit of an element - atom

Learn names & symbols for: 1-38, 46-56, 74,
78-80, 82, 86

10

1.2. Classification Based on

Composition: Pure Substances

Exercise: Consider the physical and chemical

characteristics of these three samples. Based on these,
why are they classified as pure substances? Take 1
minute to write your thoughts. Take another to discuss
with your neighbor.

11

Classification Based on
Composition: Pure Substances
Subclassification: Compound

Pure substances composed of two or more

elements chemically combined in constant or
fixed proportions (law of definite proportion)
Compounds can be broken down into elements by
chemical processes
The chemical formula of a substance is a notation
using atomic symbols with subscripts to convey the
relative proportions of atoms of the different
elements in a substance

Learning Check The composition of a sample

was determined in triplicate. Results:
+
#
1
2
3

mass sple.
103 g
75 g
145 g
A.
B.
C.
D.

mass Cu
53 g
28 g
79 g

+
mass C
10. g
14 g
38 g

mass O
40 g
33 g
28 g

pure substance (law of conservation of mass)

pure substance (law of definite proportions)
mixture (law of conservation of mass)
mixture (law of definite proportions)

12

13

Classification Based on
Composition: Mixtures

Combination of 2 or more pure substances in which the

substances retain their distinct identities
Composition variable
Components may be separated by physical methods
Change of state occurs over a range of temperatures

Subclassification

Homogeneous (a.k.a. solutions) uniform in its properties

throughout
Heterogeneous has physically distinct parts, each with
different properties

14

Classification Based on
Composition:
Exercise:
Consider the physicalMixtures
and chemical characteristics of
these three samples. Based on these, why are they classified as
mixtures? Take 1 minute to write your thoughts. Take another to
discuss with your neighbor.

15

Classification of Matter Based

On Composition

("Chemistry, Ebbing & Gammon, 2007)

Quiz

Classify & Subclassify Based on

Chemical Constitution

16

17

Goal: Classify Properties and

Changes as Physical or Chemical

Physical Property: can be observed w/o changing

the identity and composition of the substance.
Chemical Property: Describes the way a
substance may change or react.
Physical Change: Substance changes appearance,
but not composition.
Chemical Change: Substance transforms into a
chemically different substance.

Properties

18
Chemical

Physical

19

Change: Physical or Chemical?

Physical or Chemical?
1.

Property
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2.

Water boils at 100oC _______

Diamonds are capable of cutting glass. __________
Water can be separated by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen.
_________
Sugar is capable of dissolving in water. _________
Wood is flammable. _________

Change
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Sand and water are separated when passed through a filter. ____
Yeast acts on sugar to form carbon dioxide and ethanol. _______
Dry ice forms a vapor cloud upon heating__________
Iron rusts in a damp environment. ___________
Gasoline burns in the presence of oxygen.
Burning a candle ______________

20

Separation of
Mixtures
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Distillation
Distillation uses
differences in the
boiling points of
substances to separate
a homogeneous
mixture into its
components.

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Filtration
In filtration solid
substances are separated
from liquids and
solutions.

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Chromatography
This technique separates substances on the basis
of differences in solubility in a solvent.

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25

Goal: Understand limitation in

measurements, and how to
properly report calculations

26

1.4 Measurement of Matter: SI Units

International System of Units, SI

Length

Mass

Volume

Temperature

Time

meter, m 1 m = 3.281 ft = 39 inches

kilogram, kg

1 kg = 2.205 lb

liter, L (1dm3), mL (cm3) 1 tsp = 5 mL

2 tbs = 1 oz .946 L = 1 qt
Kelvin, K

Seconds, s

Volume

The most commonly used

metric units for volume
are the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).

A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.
A milliliter is a cube 1
cm long on each side.

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28

Prefixes Used in the Metric System

Review the Selected
SI Prefixes
You Need to
Memorize

Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for
the item being measured.
(Table 1.5, p. 14)

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Sample Exercise 1.2 Using Metric Prefixes

Whatisthenamegiventotheunitthatequals(a)109gram,(b)106second,
(c)103meter?

Solution

IneachcasewecanrefertoTable1.5,findingtheprefixrelatedtoeachof
thedecimalfractions:(a)nanogram,ng,(b)microsecond,s,(c)
millimeter,mm.

Practice Exercise

(a)Whatdecimalfractionofasecondisapicosecond,ps?(b)Expressthe
measurement6.0103musingaprefixtoreplacethepoweroften.(c)Use
exponentialnotationtoexpress3.76mgingrams.
Answer:(a)1012second,(b)6.0km,(c)3.76103g

31

1.5. Measurements

Comparison of a known quantity with an

unknown quantity
Consists of a number and a unit
Subject to error
Significant Figures
Limited by the measuring tool
Consist of all digits known with certainty,
plus one of uncertain value

32

Rules for Significant Figures

All non-zero numbers are significant.

Leading zeros are NEVER significant.
0.6 only has 1 s.f.
0.06 only has 1 s.f.
Captive zeros are ALWAYS significant.
208 has 3 s.f.
20008 has 5 s.f.

33

Trailing zeros are significant ONLY

when a decimal is present.

50 has 1 s.f.
50. has 2 s.f.
50.0 has 3 s.f.

Learning Check Counting Sig. Figs.

I. Which answers contain 3 significant figures?
(1) 0.060
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

(2) 410

(3) 1.00

1
2
3
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
All

34

Learning Check Counting Sig. Figs.

II. All zeros are significant in
(1) 9.0030
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

(2) 2500

(3) 0.0800

1
2
3
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
All
35

36

Review
rules
regarding
calculations
and
rounding

Significant Figures and Rounding

When addition or subtraction is performed,

answers are rounded to the least significant
decimal place.
When multiplication or division is
performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the
least number of significant figures in any
of the numbers used in the calculation.

Sample Exercise 1.7 Determining the Number of Significant

figures in a Calculated Quantity
Thewidth,length,andheightofasmallboxare15.5cm,27.3cm,and5.4cm,respectively.
Calculatethevolumeofthebox,usingthecorrectnumberofsignificantfiguresinyouranswer.

Solution

(Theproductofthewidth,length,andheightdeterminesthevolumeofabox.Inreportingthe
product,wecanshowonlyasmanysignificantfiguresasgiveninthedimensionwiththe
fewestsignificantfigures,thatfortheheight(twosignificantfigures):

Whenweuseacalculatortodothiscalculation,thedisplayshows2285.01,whichwemust
roundofftotwosignificantfigures.Becausetheresultingnumberis2300,itisbestreported

inexponentialnotation,
2.3103,toclearlyindicatetwosignificantfigures.

Practice Exercise

Ittakes10.5sforasprintertorun100.00m.Calculatetheaveragespeedofthesprinterin
meterspersecond,
andexpresstheresulttothecorrectnumberofsignificantfigures.
Answer:9.52m/s(threesignificantfigures)

Sample Exercise 1.8 Determining the Number of Significant

figures in a Calculated Quantity
Agasat25Cfillsacontainerwhosevolumeis1.0510 cm .Thecontainerplusgashavea
3

massof837.6g.Thecontainer,whenemptiedofallgas,hasamassof836.2g.Whatisthe
densityofthegasat25C?
Solution
Tocalculatethedensity,wemustknowboththemassandthe
volumeofthegas.Themassofthegasisjustthedifferencein
themassesofthefullandemptycontainer:
(837.6836.2)g=1.4g
Insubtractingnumbers,wedeterminethenumberofsignificantfiguresinourresultby
countingdecimalplacesineachquantity.Inthiscaseeachquantityhasonedecimalplace.
Thus,themassofthegas,1.4g,hasonedecimalplace.
Usingthevolumegiveninthequestion,1.05103cm3,and
thedefinitionofdensity,wehave

Individingnumbers,wedeterminethenumberofsignificantfiguresinourresultbycounting
thenumberofsignificantfiguresineachquantity.Therearetwosignificantfiguresinour
answer,correspondingtothesmallernumberofsignificantfiguresinthetwonumbersthat
formtheratio.Noticethatinthisexample,followingtherulesfordeterminingsignificant
figuresgivesananswercontainingonlytwosignificantfigures,eventhougheachofthe
measuredquantitiescontainedatleastthreesignificantfigures.

Sample Exercise 1.8 Determining the Number of Significant

figures in a Calculated Quantity
Practice Exercise
Tohowmanysignificantfiguresshouldthemassofthecontainerbemeasured(with
andwithoutthegas)inSampleExercise1.8forthedensitytobecalculatedtothree
significantfigures?

Answer:five(Forthedifferenceinthetwomassestohavethree
significantfigures,theremustbetwodecimalplacesinthemassesofthe
filledandemptycontainers.Therefore,eachmassmustbemeasuredto
fivesignificantfigures.)

41

Goal: Perform calculations that

will be used often in the course:
- conversions in metric system
- density
- temperature.

Dimensional Analysis

We use dimensional analysis to

convert one quantity to another.
Most commonly dimensional
analysis utilizes conversion
factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 in.
2.54 cm

or

2.54 cm
1 in.
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Dimensional Analysis

Use the form of the conversion factor that

puts the sought-for unit in the numerator.

Given unit

Conversion factor

desired unit
given unit

desired unit

Dimensional Analysis

For example, to convert 8.00 m to inches,

convert m to cm
convert cm to in.
100 cm
1 in.
8.00 m

1m
2.54 cm

315 in.

45

Exercises: Identify the measurement

1. Convert 26 g to mg
and perform the conversion

2.

Convert 1250 L to L

3.

Ans. = 26000 mg

Ans. = 0.00125 L

Convert 2720 Km to Mm

Ans. = 2.72 Mm

Learning Check:
Convert 0.231 Kg to g
A.

NA

B.

231 g

C.

0.231g

D.

2.31 x 108 g

E.

2.31 x 10-8 g
46

Temperature
By definition
temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the particles
in a sample.

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Temperature

In scientific
measurements, the
Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often
used.
The Celsius scale is
based on the properties
of water.

0C is the freezing point

of water.
100C is the boiling
point of water.
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Temperature

The Kelvin is the SI

unit of temperature.
It is based on the
properties of gases.
There are no negative
Kelvin temperatures.
K = C + 273.15

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Temperature

The Fahrenheit scale

is not used in
scientific
measurements.
F = 9/5(C) + 32
C = 5/9(F 32)

Note regarding significant digits:

answer must have the same number of
decimal places as the original temperature.

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51

Exercise: Calculate T
1.

Liquid nitrogen (N2 ), which has a freezing point

of -210.C, is often used to remove warts and to
treat precancerous skin lesions. Convert this
temperature into Kelvin.

2.

A person with hypothermia has a body

temperature of 84.4F. What is the body
temperature in C?

52

Measurement of Matter: Density

(A
Derived
Unit)
Definition ________________
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ex. What occupies a greater volume: 1 kilogram

of rock or 1 kilogram of aluminum foil?
Which has a higher density: rock or aluminum
foil?
Which has a greater density: 1 g of water or 10
g of water?
Which has a greater density: 1 g of rock or 10 g
of aluminum foil?

53

Density Exercises
1.
2.

3.

What is the average density of a loaf of bread that has

a mass of 501 g and a volume of 1000.0 mL ?
A sack of groceries accidentally set on the above loaf
increased its density to 2.1 grams per milliliter. What
is its new volume?
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a strong, stiff,
opaque polymer that is used to make may things,
including grocery bags, pipes and packaging. What is
the mass in kg of 834.6 mL of HDPE that has a
density of 0.960 g/mL?

Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to Determine

2
Volume or Mass
(a)Calculatethedensityofmercuryif1.0010
goccupiesavolumeof7.36cm3.(b)Calculatethevolume

of65.0goftheliquidmethanol(woodalcohol)ifitsdensityis0.791g/mL.(c)Whatisthemassingramsof
acubeofgold(density=19.32g/cm3)ifthelengthofthecubeis2.00cm?
Solution
(a) We are given mass and volume, so
Equation 1.3 yields
(b) Solving Equation 1.3 for volume and then
using the given mass and density gives
(c) We can calculate the mass from the
volume of the cube and its density. The
volume of a cube is given by its length
cubed:
Solving Equation 1.3 for mass and
substituting the volume and density of the
cube, we have

Practice Exercise

(a)Calculatethedensityofa374.5gsampleofcopperifithasavolumeof41.8cm 3.(b)Astudentneeds
15.0gofethanolforanexperiment.Ifthedensityofethanolis0.789g/mL,howmanymillilitersofethanol
areneeded?(c)Whatisthemass,ingrams,of25.0mLofmercury(density=13.6g/mL)?
Answers:(a)8.96g/cm3,(b)19.0mL,(c)340g

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Terms

Use the index and slides to help you with definitions

55

56

Ch. 1: Matter and Measurement

Review the Learning Goals in Slide 1

Complete the homework assignment early

Ask questions in class

Visit/call Prof. Tice during office hours

Review any practice problems in Sapling Learning or

unassigned problems in your textbook

Utilize study aids listed in the syllabus