A

N
D

g
n
i
t
u
p
Com

Contents
Introduction to DNA
Structure of DNA
Need and Introduction to DNA
Computing
Advantages & Disadvantages
Developments in DNA Computing
The Smallest DNA Computer
Future
Conclusion

What is DNA?
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
DNA represents the genetic blueprint of living
creatures.
DNA contains instructions for assembling
cells.
Every cell in human body has a complete set
of DNA.
DNA is unique for each individual.

Structure of DNA
Composed of four nucleotides (+ sugar-phosphate
backbone)

A Adenine
T Thymine
C Cytosine
G Guanine
Bond in pairs

AT
CG

Need of DNA Computer ?

Moores Law states that silicon
microprocessors
double
in
complexity roughly every two years.
One day this will no longer hold true
when miniaturisation limits are
reached. Intel scientists say it will
happen in about the year 2018.
Require a successor to silicon.

Basics And Origin of DNA

Computing
DNA computing is utilizing the property of
DNA for massively parallel computation.
With an appropriate setup and enough
DNA, one can potentially solve huge
problems by parallel search.
Utilizing DNA for this type of computation
can be much faster than utilizing a
conventional computer.
Leonard Adleman proposed that the
makeup of DNA and its multitude of
possible combining nucleotides could
have application in computational
research techniques.

Advantages
The power of DNA in view of computation
capability:
vast parallelism: A test tube of DNA can
contain trillions of strands. Each operation
on
a test tube of DNA is carried out on all
strands
in the tube in parallel ! (3 1014 )
exceptional energy efficiency:
21019 operations/J,

Disadvantages

DNA computing involves a relatively

large
amount of error.
Requires human assistance !
Time consuming laboratory procedures.
No
universal
method
of
data
representation.
DNA has a half-life.
Solutions could dissolve away before
the end result is found.

Developments in DNA
computation
First practical DNA computer unveiled in
2002 by Olympus Optical Co., Ltd .
Used in gene analysis.
Self-powered DNA computer unveiled in
2003.
>First programmable autonomous
computing machine in which the input,
output, software and hardware were all
made of DNA molecules.
>Can perform a billion operations per
second with 99.8% accuracy.

 In 2004 an autonomous DNA computer

that
is
capable
of
diagnosing
cancerous activity within a cell, and
then releasing an anti-cancer drug
upon diagnosis is constructed by Prof.
Shapiro & team. They claim in the
journal
Nature
that
they
were
successful.
A DNA Sequence Design for DirectProportional
Length-Based
DNA
Computing
using
DNA
Sequence
Generator is developed in University
Technology Malaysia in 2008.

The Smallest DNA

Computer
The
smallest
programmable
DNA
computer
was
developed
at
Weizmann Institute
in Israel by Prof.
Ehud Shapiro last
year.
It uses enzymes as a
program
that
processes on
the

Future !
DNA Manipulation technology has rapidly
improved in recent years, and future
advances may make DNA computers more
efficient.
The
University
of
Wisconsin
is
experimenting with chip-based DNA
computers.
Instead, their powerful computing power
will be used for areas of encryption,
genetic programming, language systems,
and algorithms or by airlines wanting to

CONCLUSION
o DNA computers showing enormous
potential, especially for medical
purposes as well as data processing
applications.
o Many issues to be overcome to produce
a useful DNA computer.
o Still a lot of work and resources
required to

Q&A

? ?
?

?
?
?
?
?
? ? ? ?? ?
?
?

Thank You