DSP Project:

Sonar Application

Good Evening
Supervisor:

Haider Adnan
Khan
Dept of EEE
United International
University

Submitted By
Thajid Ibna Rouf
Uday
ID: 021 121 102

MD. Ashif Jardary

ID: 021 122 039

What is SONAR !
SONARisanabbreviationfor
SOUND
NAVIGATION
And
RANGING
Sonarisatechniquethatusessoundpropagation
(usuallyunderwater,asinsubmarinenavigation)
tonavigate,communicatewithordetectobjects
onorunderthesurfaceofthewater,suchasother
vessels.

History of Sonar

Although some animals have used sound for communication and

object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the
water is initially recorded by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490: a tube
inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by
placing an ear to the tube.

In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary

to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards.

The use of sound to 'echo locate' underwater in the same way as

bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been
prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. The world's first patent
for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British
Patent Office by English meteorologist Lewis Richardson, one
month after the sinking of the Titanic

Who else uses sonar

Actually

animals use echolocation

and that is actually where we
learned the technique
Bats, whales, and dolphins are some
of the best known animals to use
echolocation

Uses of Sonar
Warfare
Anti-submarine

warfare- A conventional hull mounted sonar is

used
Torpedoes-Modern

torpedoes are generally fitted with an

active/passive sonar. This may be used to home directly on the
target.

Mines-Mines

may be fitted with a sonar to detect, localize and

recognize the required target

Submarine

navigation-Submarines rely on sonar to a greater

extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar at depth.
Underwater security-Sonar can be used to detect frogmenand
otherscuba divers.

Uses of Sonar
Civilian applications
Fisheries-Acoustic

technology is especially well

suited for underwater applicationssince sound
travels farther and faster underwater than in air.

Net location-The

net sounder is an echo sounder

with a transducer mounted on the headline of the
net rather than on the bottom of the vessel.

Ship velocity measurement-Sonars have been

developed for measuring a ship's velocity either
relative to the water or to the bottom.

Uses of Sonar
Scientific applications
Biomass estimation
Wave measurement
Water velocity measurement
Bottom type assessment
Bottom topography measurement
Sub-bottom profiling
Synthetic aperture sonar
Parametric sonar

How Sonar Works

Sonar

is simply making use of an echo. When

an animal or machine makes a noise, it sends
sound waves into the environment around it.
Those waves bounce off nearby objects, and
some of them reflect back to the object that
made the noise. It's those reflected sound
waves that you hear when your voice echoes
back to you from a canyon. Whales and
specialized machines can use reflected
waves to locate distant objects and sense
their shape and movement

How Sonar Works

Process to Find Distance

Sendsapulse
Timeoftheechosreturnismeasured
Cancalculatethedistancetravelledby

knowingthespeedofsoundinwater

Process to Find Distance

Measuring distance
Let
r=distanceoftheobject.
t=timebetweenthetransmissionand
reception.
v=velocityofsound(inwater).
Distance,
h=v*t/2

Signal Processing in
Sonar
Usually,thereflection(echo)isverynoisy.
Also,thesoundintensitydecreasesduetothe

distancetraveled.
Therecanbesoundfromseparatesource
(interference)aswell.
Sothequalityoftheechoisverypoor.
Therefore,thereceivedsignalisfilteredto
removethenoiseandinterference(sounds
fromothersources).

Signal Processing in
Sonar
Finally,thefilteredsignaliscross-correlated

withtheoriginaltransmittedsignaltoidentify
thesimilarityandthelag(distance).
Here,x(n)isthetransmittedsignalandy(n)
isthereceivedsignal,y2(n)isfilteredsignal.

Visualization through

Transmitted and Received Signal

%% sonar application
close all
load('x.mat');
load('y.mat');

%% FFT of the transmitted signal x(n)

Nx=length(x);
nx=0:Nx-1;
wx=(nx/Nx)*2 - 1;
Xf=fft(x);
Xf=fftshift(Xf);
Xf_mag = abs(Xf);
Xf_ph = angle(Xf);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot( nx, x)
title('Transmitted signal')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wx, Xf_mag)
title('Magnitude Spectrum, |X(w)|')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wx, Xf_ph)
title('Phase Spectrum')

Visualization through

Transmitted and Received Signal

%% FFT of the transmitted signal
y(n)
Ny=length(y);
ny=0:Ny-1;
wy=(ny/Ny)*2 - 1;
yf=fft(y);
yf=fftshift(yf);
yf_mag = abs(yf);
yf_ph = angle(yf);
figure,subplot(3,1,1)
plot( ny, y)
title('Received signal')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wy, yf_mag)
title('Magnitude Spectrum, |X(w)|')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wy, yf_ph)
title('Phase Spectrum')

Fdatool Design

Visualization through

Transmitted and Received Signal

[b,a]=sos2tf(SOS,G);
%this is iir filter
coefficient finding
function
y1=filter(b,a,y);
Ny1=length(y1);
ny1=0:Ny1-1;
figure(3)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(ny,y),title('received
signal'),xlabel('n'),ylabel
('amplitude of y');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(ny1,y1),title('received
signal after
filtering'),xlabel('n'),ylab
el('amplitude of filtering
signal');

Visualization through

Transmitted and Received Signal

%% frequency response
& impulse response of
band pass filter
figure(4)
freqz(b,a);
figure(5)
impz(b,a)

Visualization through

Transmitted and
Received Signal
Impulse

response of band pass filter

Visualization through

Transmitted and Received Signal

%% fast fourier transform of
filtered signal
y1f=fft(y1);
y1f=fftshift(y1f);
y1f_mag=abs(y1f);
y1f_ph=angle(y1f);
wy1=(ny1/Ny1)*2-1;
figure(6)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(wy1,y1f_mag),title('rec
eived signal`s fourier
transform'),xlabel('w'),yla
bel('magnitude of filtered
signal');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(wy1,y1f_ph),title('recei
ved signal`s fourier
transform'),xlabel('w'),yla
bel('phase of filtered
signal');

Visualization through

Transmitted and
Received Signal

%% performing cross-correlation
[xfo,nxfo]=sigfold(x,nx);
[r,l]=conv_m(xfo,nxfo,y1,ny1);
figure(7)
plot(l,r),title('after cross
correlation'),xlabel('l'),ylabel('amplitude');

Calculation of Distance
As Fs is provided we can easily find total
time(t)
Now finding, t=L./Fs
In our project Fs=5000 Hz
So ,t=6576/5000=1.3152
And finally we can easily find our expected
distance by using the following formula
Distance=(t*velocity)./2
In our project velocity of sound in water
=1481 m/s
So, the distance =(10.8500*1481)/2=
973.9056 meters

Conclusion
Bythisexperiment,Wevelearnhowto

measureadistanceofanyobjectfromsource
inwater.Todetectthedistanceofobjectwe
useSONARbecause,inwaterthevelocityof
Soundisbetterthanmicrowave.Thisisan
excellentprojectforus.Wevelearnalotof
thingsfromthisproject.Nowwecaneasily
solveanysimpleproblemofSONARsystem

Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/s

onar.html
http://www.exploratorium.edu/thewor
ld/sonar/sonar.html
http://macartney.com/news/many-use
s-sonar

Thank You